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2007
Merrill, E., Varley, N., Boyce, M. S., Beyer, H. L.
Reintroduction of wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone National Park in 1995–1996 has been argued to promote a trophic cascade by altering elk (Cervus elaphus) density, habitat-selection patterns, and behavior that, in turn, could lead to changes within the plant communities used by elk. We...
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Wolves Influence Elk Movements: Behavior Shapes a Trophic Cascade in Yellowstone National Park
Download2005
Fortin, D., Beyer, H. L., Smith, D. W., Boyce, M. S., Mao, J. S., Duchesne, T.
A trophic cascade recently has been reported among wolves, elk, and aspen on the northern winter range of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA, but the mechanisms of indirect interactions within this food chain have yet to be established. We investigated whether the observed trophic cascade...