<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>GINGER II was a word sense disambiguation tool for English language texts developed by Luca Dini, Vittorio di Tomaso and Fr&eacute;d&eacute;rique Segond, and released in 2000 as the successor to their GINGER I, released in 1998 (Dini, di Tomaso and Segond 121).</p> <p>GINGER II drew from machine-readable dictionaries to generate a semantically-tagged corpus (121). It used the HECTOR Oxford Dictionary of English, the Xerox Incremental Finite State Parser for English and WordNet 1.5 (English) to learn semantic disambiguation tools (Dini, di Tomaso and Segond 122). It used the syntactic relations between subject and verb, verb-object and modifier and subject-object, and associated each word of a functional pair with the appropriate semantic information (122). GINGER II then built a database of semantic disambiguation rules from the relations between words in the corpus' sentences (Dini, di Tomaso and Segond 121).</p> <p>Unlike its predecessor GINGER I, GINGER II utilized a nonstatistical approach that \"directly extracts semantic disambiguation rules from dictionary example phreases using all funcitonal relations found there,\" which does not require statistical validation (121). It also improved on GINGER I:</p> <p style=\"margin-left: 30px;\">&minus; it relies on dictionary sense numbering to semantically tag dictionary examples</p> <p style=\"margin-left: 30px;\">&minus; it uses syntactic parsing of dictionary examples to extract semantic disambiguation rules</p> <p style=\"margin-left: 30px;\">&minus; it uses two sets of semantic information to produce semantic disambiguation rules: the dictionary numbering provided from HECTOR and the 45 top level categories of WordNet. (121)</p> <p>Though GINGER II was designed for English texts, its designers concluded that its methodology is applicable to any language where web-based dictionaries are extant but large pre-tagged corpora are not (Dini, di Tomaso and Segond 125).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Dini, Luca, Vittorio di Tomaso and Frederique Segond. \"GINGER II: An Example-Driven Word Sense Disambiguator.\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 34.1-2 (2000): 121-126. <a href=\"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/16898915/ginger-ii-example-driven-word-sense-disambiguator\" target=\"_blank\">Web</a>.</p>