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INSERT INTO `comments` VALUES (54,8,11,'<p><strong>What is the sound of text?</strong></p> <p>Have you ever wondered what a text sounds like? Bubbles, part of the Voyant text analysis workbench, is a unique tool that allows you to both see and hear word frequency in a text document or corpus. Upload or copy and paste a document or URL to the web based interface, and Bubbles will begin to emit an eerie theremin-like sound as it calculates word frequency in the text.</p> <p><strong>Pitch &amp; Frequency</strong></p> <p>The pitch of the sound corresponds to the word frequency, so repetitive texts will produce more high pitched sounds. For this reason it is best to remove stop words from the text. Most of the Voyant tools allows for easy stop word removal, but this is unfortunately not as easy to do in Bubbles. The best way to remove stop words is to export the text corpus URL (easy to do using the export menu) and then add the parameter &amp;stopList=stop.en.taporware.txt to the end of it. (e.g. <a href=\\\"http://voyeurtools.org/tool/Bubbles?corpus=1319762406784.8289\\\">http://voyeurtools.org/tool/Bubbles?corpus=1319762406784.8289</a> becomes <a href=\\\"http://voyeurtools.org/tool/Bubbles?corpus=1319762406784.8289&amp;stopList=stop.en.taporware.txt\\\">http://voyeurtools.org/tool/Bubbles?corpus=1319762406784.8289&amp;stopList=stop.en.taporware.txt</a>)</p> <p><strong>Interface</strong></p> <p>The Bubbles interface is visually appealing. Each word appears in its own bubble, the area of which correlates with the frequency of the word. The bubbles jostle for space on the screen as new words are added. A list down the side of the screen displays the most frequent words. At the bottom left of the screen, the tool displays the number of bubbles displayed out of the possible terms in the corpus. The number increases as the tool loads in more terms.</p> <p><strong>Limitations</strong></p> <p>Bubbles is a strange, amusing little application, but nowhere near as powerful and full-featured as most of the Voyant tools. Notably lacking is the option of&nbsp; easily suppressing common stop words in the text. Bubbles has an attractive interface, but serious researchers will prefer a more flexible word frequency analysis tool, like the Cirrus Word Cloud application, also from Voyant. You may have to enable a java-plugin in your browser before running your analysis. Bubbles is based on an application called Letter Pairs that was developed by Martin Ignacio Bereciartua.</p>',1,0,0,'2011-11-18 03:52:00','2012-02-08 07:18:05'),(55,8,10,'<p><strong>Bubblelines Overview</strong></p> <p>Bubblelines is a free online visualization tool that helps to understand patterns of word repetition in one or more documents. Like all Voyant tools, the web-based <a href=\\\"http://voyeurtools.org/tool/Bubblelines/\\\">Bubblelines interface</a> allows you to load your own texts for analysis. Each line in the Bubblelines interface represents one document. The lines are clearly labeled with the file name of the document. When loading multiple documents you should be aware that Bubblelines will only show results for the first ten texts by default. To see all of the texts in your corpus click the &ldquo;Documents&rdquo; drop down menu and check off each of the additional texts that you wish to view. You can select as many or as few of the documents as you wish, it&rsquo;s easy to change your selections without reloading the whole corpus.</p> <p><strong>Selecting New Terms</strong></p> <p>When you first enter the interface the lines will display the words most frequently found in the corpus. You can remove the default terms by clicking the &ldquo;clear terms&rdquo; button in the top menu. You can now enter a new term in the text box. When you click enter you will see the new term appear as an underlined facet at the top of the page. You can enter as many terms as you like, and each will be added as a separate facet. When the facet is underlined it appears in the Bubblelines display. Clicking on the facets will toggle them on and off.</p> <p>The first six faceted terms are assigned unique colours, so the terms can be identified at a glance. The term bubbles appear along the document line. A larger bubble indicates a term that has appeared more frequently in a given section of the document. &nbsp;By default Bubblelines will divide each document into 50 separate sections, but the &ldquo;Segments&rdquo; slider allows a user to choose views that show anywhere between 10 and 300 segments. Mouse over a bubble to see the exact number of times that a word appeared in that segment of the document. At the end of the line you will see the total number of time all of the selected terms appeared in the document. Mouse over this number to see the total number of times that each selected term appears in the document.</p> <p>Bubblelines is only one of many tools in the sophisticated Voyant text analysis environment. Clicking on a bubble will expose that term in a full suite of Voyant analysis tools that allow much more granular investigation of the document or corpus.</p> <p><strong>Caveats</strong></p> <p>You should be aware that the Bubblelines text analysis engine transforms all uppercase letters to lower case. Proper nouns must therefore be entered in lower case e.g. austen not Austen. This is a less than intuitive aspect of the software, and perhaps it will be fixed in later versions, so that romantic and Romantic could be entered as distinct terms.&nbsp;</p> <p>No message is returned when a term is not found in the corpus, a facet simply fails to appear. This is little confusing, as one can&rsquo;t be sure whether the software is still processing, whether it failed to take the input, or whether the term is actually not present. &nbsp;</p> <p>I thought that it would be a useful option to be able to insert my own segment boundaries directly in the text documents, and then indicate to the software which unique character or character string was used as the delimiter. In this way a user would be able to segment a document according to month, chapter, or other divisions that might be relevant to her specific research question.</p> <p>Bubblelines is an interesting and easy way to visualize the distribution of one or more terms over the length of a document, and to compare the distribution of those terms between multiple documents and document segments. This tool is particularly useful for a quick analysis of the popularity of specific themes and concepts over time in a longitudinal corpora like a news archive, a social media platform, or an email archive. Like all of the Voyant tools, the deceptively simple web-based interface makes the tool accessible to users with little previous text analysis experience.&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2011-11-18 03:57:25','2012-02-08 06:59:20'),(57,8,8,'<div> <p><strong>Cirrus Overview</strong></p> <p>Cirrus is a freely available visualization tool that generates a word cloud from a document or group of documents. The initial word cloud contains all of the most frequent words from the text, laid out graphically to fit together within an elliptical shape. Words may be oriented either vertically or horizontally, and they are rendered in different colours for ease of viewing. The user should be aware that word orientation and colour are strictly decorative elements, they do not indicate anything meaningful about the word. The size of the word, however, indicates the frequency with which it appears in the document. The larger the font size, the more frequent the word. The user can mouse over a word to see the precise number of times that it appears in the document.</p> <p><strong>Applying Stop Word</strong>s</p> <p>One of the problems with word frequency visualization is the prevalence of conjunctions and articles in most texts. These less semantically interesting words often drown out the adjectives, adverbs, nouns, and verbs that are more likely to be of interest to the researcher. Cirrus offers an easy solution to this problem. By clicking the options icon in the upper right hand menu, a user can apply a list of stop words to the visualization. These stop words will be treated as noise, and stripped from the cloud, allowing words of greater interest to surface. Cirrus offers two pre-built lists of stop words, one for common English words, and one for common French words. The user can view the lists, so she know which words will&nbsp; be removed before applying them.</p> <p><strong>Search</strong></p> <p>Cirrus offers users the ability to search within a word cloud for specific words, which is especially useful for seeing all of the word variations in a text. If I enter &ldquo;comput&rdquo; in the search box, Cirrus returns a word cloud indicating the word frequency of related terms like computers, computational, computing, computer-generated, computer-literate, microcomputers, human-computer, and supercomputing. It is also possible to enter comma separated terms in the search box in order to compare the frequency of multiple terms. By entering &ldquo;comput, digit&rdquo; for example, the user sees all of the variations of computer, as well as digital, digitization, etc. in the resulting word cloud. Any number of terms can be compared in this way.</p> <p>The Cirrus export menu exposes several options for sharing a word cloud. A permanent URL can be generated for a particular visualization, but the software also provides code snippets that allow the word cloud to be embedded in a website as a button or as a full visualization.</p> <p><strong>Cirrus vs. Wordle</strong></p> <p>There are a number of word cloud tools available freely on the internet, but Cirrus is built primarily for academic research, and thus distinguishes itself from popular tools like Wordle in several ways. Wordle allows the user a great deal of control over the look and feel of his word cloud, including options to choose font sets, colour palettes, and backgrounds. Cirrus does not offer user control over these graphic elements. Wordle, however, advertises itself as a &ldquo;toy&rdquo;, whereas Cirrus is an academic tool.&nbsp; In Wordle a user has no control over stop words that are applied to her text, multiple files or copora cannot be uploaded for analysis, and a user cannot perform searches against his text to visualize word stems and variations, or to compare multiple terms of interest.</p> <p>Finally, it must be mentioned that, as part of the Voyant workbench, Cirrus is integrated into a large and powerful set of text analysis tools that allow extremely granular manipulation of text corpora. Clicking on any word in the Cirrus word cloud will expose that text in a suite of other analysis tools that allow further investigation of the document or corpus. It is beyond the scope of this review to describe the full suite of Voyant tools, but a comprehensive list is available here:&nbsp;<a href=\\\"http://hermeneuti.ca/voyeur/tools\\\">http://hermeneuti.ca/voyeur/tools</a>.</p> <p><strong>Suggestions for Improvement</strong></p> <p>As I played with the tool I had a couple of suggestions for improvement. The stop word feature would be more useful if the end-user were permitted to customize an instance of the list with his or her own specific terms. I also wished for an export option that would allow me to download an excel spreadsheet containing a list of all unique words in the document with a separate column for the word count beside each. Ideally this list would also exclude stop words if they had been excluded in my cloud.</p> <p>Cirrus is a useful tool for initial exploration of a text. It allows a researcher to quickly pinpoint major themes, to visually explore word variations, and to compare the frequencies of terms that are of particular interest. It can process large corpora with impressive speed, and exposes many options for document input. Cirrus is a tool for the serious researcher who is more interested in the content of her text than the colours in her word cloud.&nbsp;</p> </div>',1,0,0,'2011-11-18 04:00:32','2012-02-08 06:40:12'),(58,8,12,'<p><strong>Corpus Grid In Brief</strong></p> <p>Corpus Grid allows you to get a quick overview of a corpus. It rapidly returns a list of texts in the corpus, along with three basic measures for each text. The number of tokens is the total number of words that are found in a text, the number of types reveals the number of unique words, and the density value measures the richness of the vocabulary employed. The simple web-based interface is intuitive to use, and the tool is freely available as part of the Voyant text analysis environment.</p> <p><strong>Views</strong></p> <p>The Corpus Grid interface allows you to configure the view in several different ways. You can do a straight sort by the token, types and density columns. Drop down arrows on the token and type columns provide options to group results according to the value in that column. Like other Voyant tools, a variety of export and sharing options are available via the export feature in the upper right hand corner.</p> <p>The Corpus Grid is useful as part of a quick look at some of the salient characteristics of a given corpus. It offers a nice clean layout, but functionality is limited. If you wish to execute more granular queries, see characteristics of specific words, or otherwise manipulate the texts, you can double click the interface to see the corpus in the full Voyant toolset.</p>',1,0,0,'2011-11-18 04:01:36','2012-02-08 07:21:31'),(59,8,13,'<p>The Voyant <a href=\\\"http://voyant-tools.org/tool/CorpusSummary/\\\">Corpus Summary Tool</a> is a good starting point for the exploration of a text corpus. The simple web based interface quickly processes even large corpora to return the total number of documents, words, and unique words across a corpus, indicating which texts are longest, and most lexically dense. You&rsquo;ll probably want to apply a stop word list to remove noisy function words (e.g. and, the, is), and let the more lexically meaningful terms shine through. Tapor offers English and French stop word lists, as well as lists for several other languages.</p> <p>Unlike the Corpus Grid tool, the Summary tool also provides information about the most frequently used words corpus-wide, and within each specific text. You can click on any of these words to see that term within the full set of Voyant tools. Word of warning &ndash; if you&rsquo;ve applied stop words in the Corpus Grid tool, you&rsquo;ll have to reapply them in the full Voyant interface, as this setting does not carry over. As with all of the Voyant tools, web pages or locally stored texts can be loaded via the tool&rsquo;s home page. You don&rsquo;t need to be a text analysis expert to operate this user-friendly tool.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2011-11-18 04:02:35','2012-02-08 07:26:50'),(61,9,1,'<p><strong><em>List Words (HTML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is a simple to use tool, designed to <strong>count</strong> and <strong>generate lists</strong> of all words in a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may apply the provided Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong>, upload their own, or work with the full list. This tool also generates a basic <strong>statistical analysis</strong>, including total number of words, unique words, appearances of particular words, only words matching a specified pattern, or only words within specified tags.</p> <p>Other features include preset sort options, an <strong>inflectional stemmer</strong> and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>. Most notably, the HTML output option includes a small <strong>distribution graph</strong> for the most frequent words in the document. While the tool can handle novel-sized texts, applying the inflectional stemmer will slow down the tool to a degree proportional to the size of the text.</p> <p>The tool\'s tab-delimited output has <strong>problems</strong> with some characters - for example, c&aelig;sar becomes \\\"c&frac34;sar,\\\" and punctuation such as quotation marks is often replaced with its unicode equivalent. More generally, words joined by hyphens (such as \\\"wine-dark-sea\\\") are counted as one word, and opening quotation marks are appended to the word they are adjacent to. Users are advised to watch for these instances and adjust the results accordingly.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitations, List Words (HTML) is an effective way to get a quick breakdown of the text.</em></strong> Versions are also available for XML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 00:14:52','2012-02-08 00:17:07'),(62,9,29,'<p><strong><em>List Words (XML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is a simple to use tool, designed to <strong>count</strong> and<strong> generate lists</strong> of all words in a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may apply the provided Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong>, upload their own, or work with the full list. This tool also generates a basic <strong>statistical analysis</strong>, including total number of words, unique words, appearances of particular words, only words matching a specified pattern, or only words within specified tags.</p> <p>Other features include preset sort options, an <strong>inflectional stemmer</strong> and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and <strong>tab delimited</strong>. Most notably, the HTML output option includes a small <strong>distribution graph</strong> for the most frequent words in the document. While the tool can handle novel-sized texts, applying the inflectional stemmer will slow down the tool to a degree proportional to the size of the text.</p> <p>The tool\'s tab-delimited output has <strong>problems</strong> with some characters - for example, c&aelig;sar becomes \\\"c&frac34;sar,\\\" and punctuation such as quotation marks is often replaced with its unicode equivalent. More generally, words joined by hyphens (such as \\\"wine-dark-sea\\\") are counted as one word, opening quotation marks are appended to the word they are adjacent to, the tool fragments any web addresses in the text as several small words (ex: \\\"//www\\\"). Users are advised to watch for such instances and adjust the results accordingly.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitations, List Words (XML) is an effective way to get a quick breakdown of the text.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 00:20:52','2012-02-08 00:22:23'),(63,9,30,'<p><strong><em>List Words (Plain Text)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is a simple to use tool, designed to <strong>count</strong> and<strong> generate lists</strong> of all words in a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may apply the provided Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong>, upload their own, or work with the full list. This tool also generates a basic <strong>statistical analysis</strong>, including total number of words, unique words, appearances of particular words or only words matching a specified pattern.</p> <p>Other features include preset sort options, an <strong>inflectional stemmer</strong> and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>. Most notably, the HTML output option includes a small <strong>distribution graph</strong> for the most frequent words in the document. While the tool can handle novel-sized texts, applying the inflectional stemmer will slow down the tool to a degree proportional to the size of the text.</p> <p>This tool has <strong>problems</strong> with some characters - for example, c&aelig;sar becomes \\\"c&frac34;sar,\\\" and punctuation such as quotation marks is often replaced with its unicode equivalent. In addition, words joined by hyphens (such as \\\"wine-dark-sea\\\") are counted as one word, opening quotation marks are appended to the word they are adjacent to. Users are advised to watch for such instances and adjust the results accordingly.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitations, List Words (Plain Text) is an effective way to get a quick breakdown of the text.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and XML documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 00:21:49','2012-02-08 00:22:08'),(64,9,35,'<p><strong><em>Concordance (HTML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>locate </strong>and<strong> contextualize</strong> a user-specified word or pattern (in this case, a regular expression) within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines, sentences or paragraphs, specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 paragraphs), or limit the search only to words appearing within specified HTML tags. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to generate and include <strong>synonyms</strong> for the user\'s chosen word (note that this option slow the tool\'s processing), and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>. Most notably, the HTML output option includes a small <strong>distribution graph</strong> for the search word or pattern.</p> <p>This tool has only a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. Concordance (HTML) is best used with prose texts, as poetic structure disrupts the tool\'s search. In addition, the XML Tree output currently results in a parsing error.</p> <p><strong><em>Aside from these few limitations, Concordance (HTML) is an effective way see a given word or pattern in context.</em></strong> Versions are also available for XML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 02:43:35','2012-02-08 03:18:58'),(65,9,36,'<p><strong><em>Concordance (XML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>locate </strong>and<strong> contextualize</strong> a user-specified word or pattern (in this case, a regular expression) within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines or sentences, specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 sentences), or limit the search only to words appearing within specified XML tags. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to generate and include <strong>synonyms</strong> for the user\'s chosen word (note that this option slow the tool\'s processing), and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>. Most notably, the HTML output option includes a small <strong>distribution graph</strong> for the search word or pattern.</p> <p>This tool has only a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. Concordance (XML) is best used with prose texts, as poetic structure disrupts the tool\'s search. In addition, the XML Tree output currently results in a parsing error.</p> <p><strong><em>Aside from these few limitations, Concordance (XML) is an effective way see a given word or pattern in context.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 02:55:52','2012-02-08 03:19:39'),(66,9,37,'<p><strong><em>Concordance (Plain Text)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>locate </strong>and<strong> contextualize</strong> a user-specified word or pattern (in this case, a regular expression) within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines, sentences or paragraphs or specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 paragraphs. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to generate and include <strong>synonyms</strong> for the user\'s chosen word (note that this option slow the tool\'s processing), and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>. Most notably, the HTML output option includes a small <strong>distribution graph</strong> for the search word or pattern.</p> <p>This tool has only a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. Concordance (HTML) is best used with prose texts, as poetic structure disrupts the tool\'s search.</p> <p><strong><em>Aside from these few limitations, Concordance (Plain Text) is an effective way see a given word or pattern in context.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and XML documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 02:57:46','2012-02-08 03:20:17'),(67,9,42,'<p><strong><em>Collocation (XML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to provide a <strong>list of words</strong> surrounding a user-specified word or pattern (in this case, a regular expression) within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines or sentences, specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 sentences), or limit the search only to words appearing within specified XML tags, attributes or values. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to exclude words appearing in the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> from the list of collocates, output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>, plus the choice to sort collocates by frequency, alphabetically or by <strong>Z-score</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only two minor <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. When counting unique words among the collocates, the tool includes blank spaces, some punctuation and words immediately following a single quote (ex: \'but); users are advised to adjust tool counts accordingly.</p> <p><strong><em>In summation, Collocation (XML) is an effective way to determine all words surrounding a given word or pattern.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 03:57:11','2012-02-08 04:23:20'),(68,9,41,'<p><strong><em>Collocation (HTML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to provide a <strong>list of words</strong> surrounding a user-specified word or pattern (in this case, a regular expression) within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines, sentences or paragraphs, specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 paragraphs), or limit the search only to words appearing within specified HTML tags. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to exclude words appearing in the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> from the list of collocates, output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>, plus the choice to sort collocates by frequency, alphabetically or by <strong>Z-score</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only two minor <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. When counting unique words among the collocates, the tool includes blank spaces, some punctuation and words immediately following a single quote (ex: \'but); users are advised to adjust tool counts accordingly.</p> <p><strong><em>In summation, Collocation (HTML) is an effective way to determine all words surrounding a given word or pattern.</em></strong> Versions are also available for XML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 03:57:13','2012-02-08 04:23:09'),(69,9,43,'<p><strong><em>Collocation (Plain Text)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to provide a <strong>list of words</strong> surrounding a user-specified word or pattern (in this case, a regular expression) within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines, sentences or paragraphs and specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 paragraphs). Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to exclude words appearing in the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> from the list of collocates, output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>, plus the choice to sort collocates by frequency, alphabetically or by <strong>Z-score</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only two minor <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. When counting unique words among the collocates, the tool includes blank spaces, some punctuation and words immediately following a single quote (ex: \'but); users are advised to adjust tool counts accordingly.</p> <p><strong><em>In summation, Collocation (Plain Text) is an effective way to determine all words surrounding a given word or pattern.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and XML documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 03:57:31','2012-02-08 04:23:41'),(70,9,38,'<p><strong><em>Co-occurrence (HTML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>search</strong> for two words or patterns within a user-specified distance apart and show all instances matching the specifications within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines, sentences or paragraphs, specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 paragraphs), or limit the search only to words appearing within specified HTML tags. Larger contexts will slow the tool\'s processing, particularly for novel-length texts. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to exclude words appearing in the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> from the list of collocates and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only two minor <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. In addition the tool has difficulty with the text structure of poetry and may not give results when the context is set to paragraph.</p> <p><strong><em>In summation, Co-occurrence (HTML) is an effective way to see where two words or patterns appear in relation to one another.</em></strong> Versions are also available for XML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 04:47:44','2012-02-08 04:47:44'),(71,9,39,'<p><strong><em>Co-occurrence (XML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>search</strong> for two words or patterns within a user-specified distance apart and show all instances matching the specifications within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines or sentences, specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 paragraphs), or limit the search only to words appearing within specified XML tags. Larger contexts will slow the tool\'s processing, particularly for novel-length texts. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to exclude words appearing in the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> from the list of collocates and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. The XML Tree output currently results in a parsing error. In addition the tool has difficulty with the text structure of poetry and may not give results when the context is set to paragraph.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these issues, Co-occurrence (XML) is an effective way to see where two words or patterns appear in relation to one another.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 04:48:03','2012-02-08 04:48:04'),(72,9,40,'<p><strong><em>Co-occurrence (Plain Text)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>search</strong> for two words or patterns within a user-specified distance apart and show all instances matching the specifications within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines, sentences or paragraphs and specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 paragraphs). Larger contexts will slow the tool\'s processing, particularly for novel-length texts. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to exclude words appearing in the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> from the list of collocates and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only two minor <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. In addition the tool has difficulty with the text structure of poetry and may not give results when the context is set to paragraph.</p> <p><strong><em>In summation, Co-occurrence (Plain Text) is an effective way to see where two words or patterns appear in relation to one another.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and XML documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 04:48:37','2012-02-08 04:48:37'),(73,8,14,'<p><strong>Overview</strong></p> <p>Corpus Term Frequencies provides a quick look at term frequency and word distribution across a text corpus. This text analysis tool is part of the web-based Voyant text analysis workbench, developed by Geoffrey Rockwell and Stefan Sinclair. As with all the Voyant tools, you can load your own text corpus from the tool homepage using a series of URLs, or by uploading documents from your hard drive.&nbsp; The tool is capable of handling plain text, HTML, and XML documents. Voyant also has a couple of pre-loaded corpora, for those who just want a quick look at the tool.</p> <p><strong>Counts and Trends</strong></p> <p>The initial screen shows all of the unique terms in the document, ranked in order from most frequently occurring to least frequently occurring. A word count is provided for each term, and total number of unique terms is displayed in the bottom right hand corner. Click on the little cog icon in the upper right hand corner to apply a stop word list that will remove common terms like &ldquo;with&rdquo; and &ldquo;to&rdquo;. A thumbnail &ldquo;trends&rdquo; graph appears beside each word, indicating the frequency of that word across all documents in the corpus. In a diachronic corpus (in which documents are in chronological order) peaks in the graph show spikes in usage over time.</p> <p><strong>Interface Issues</strong></p> <p>This tool is easy to use, and presents basic information about word frequency in a clear way. The addition of the thumbnail graphs is a nice touch, and the tool loads very quickly, even with large corpora. The check boxes on the left hand side are somewhat deceptive, as I was able to select only one at a time unless I used the box at the top to select all. If you wish to select a group of specific terms, use the heart icon to add each one to the favorites list, then select all favorites. When a term is clicked a new tab appears in your browser window with a much more detailed analysis of that term within the corpus. The new tab only gains focus when it is first opened, but he contents will change every time you click on a word.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-08 06:28:07','2012-02-08 06:28:07'),(74,8,16,'<p><strong>Overview</strong></p> <p>Document Keywords in Context is part of the larger Voyant text analysis toolset. It allows a user to search for keywords across one or more documents. The interface returns all instances of that word along with the fragments of text that precede and follow it. Like all Voyant tools, KWIC is simple to use right in your web browser. Simply load a text document, an XML file or an URL into a window on the tool home page. This tool also works with a corpus comprised of multiple documents.</p> <p><strong>Basic Functionality</strong></p> <p>The first page at which we arrive is blank with a message reading &ldquo;No results&rdquo;. Although it may be somewhat confusing to the first-time user this is normal behaviour for the KWIC tool. You need simply enter a keyword in the search box at the bottom of the page. The resulting page shows every instance of that word in the context of the document or documents in which it appears. You can increase or decrease the number of results you see per page by using the &ldquo;Preview&rdquo; menu at the bottom of the page.</p> <p><strong>Adjusting Context</strong></p> <p>The default setting is to show the five words that precede it, and the five words that follow it in the document, but you can adjust the tool to show more contextual words by using the &ldquo;Context&rdquo; menu at the bottom of the screen:</p> <p><img src=\\\"system/images/3/original/KWIC_contextslider.png?1329113788\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" /></p> <p>You can also expand any entry to view much more of the context in which that specific instance of the word occurs. Clicking the entry will open your document or corpus in the Voyant full skin.</p> <p><strong>Use Cases</strong></p> <p>The use of keywords in context has some important advantages over tools that offer a straight-up word count. I experimented with the <a href=\\\"http://voyeurtools.org/tool/DocumentTypeKwicsGrid?corpus=1319762406784.8289\\\">full text corpus of the Humanist listserv</a> with some interesting results. I chose the keyword &ldquo;Byron&rdquo; in order to search for references to the poet Lord Byron. Thirty-six results were returned, which seemed a likely number of times that Byron might have been mentioned in a 10 year period. A quick glance at the results, however, quickly showed that many of these hits were not related to Lord Byron as I had previously assumed. Of 36 hits on Byron, 18 of them were references to humanities researchers who happened to have Byron as a first or second name. Language is slippery and ambiguous. The keywords in context tool allows you to drill deeper into word meaning. It&rsquo;s a good way to check assumptions about data gleaned from word frequency analysis tools.</p> <p><strong>Room for Improvement</strong></p> <p>There are two aspects of this tool that could stand improvement. The first page at which you arrive after loading a text contains only the message &ldquo;no results&rdquo;. This could be confusing for novice users. That message should be replaced by something more user friendly like &ldquo;Please enter a keyword.&rdquo; &nbsp;The second problem presents when you click through an entry into the full Voyant skin. I expected to see that particular word in context in the document reader, but it simply took me to the beginning of the document. It would be more useful if the keywords form the KWIC tool were carried over into the full skin when clicked. Ideally the reader would display that particular line of text so the researcher could drill even further into contextual information.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-13 06:19:18','2012-02-13 06:19:18'),(76,8,19,'<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Voyant&rsquo;s Reader tool is a large scale document reader that allows you to view and search all of the documents within a given corpus. This simple, web-based tool allows you to load and view multiple URLs or text files simultaneously.</p> <p><strong>Navigation</strong></p> <p>Reader can simply be used to scroll through a text document or corpora in a linear way. The coloured bars on the left hand side of the page correspond to the documents in the corpus. Each document is assigned a unique colour, and more bars will be shown for longer documents. Mouse over the bars to see the name of the document represented. Clicking on the first bar of a given colour will take you to the beginning of that document. Subsequent bars act as links into later sections of the document.</p> <p><img src=\\\"system/images/6/original/reader_navigation.png?1329537272%20\\\" alt=\\\"Reader navigation.\\\" width=\\\"324\\\" height=\\\"230\\\" /></p> <p><strong>Searching</strong></p> <p>You can keyword search by entering a term into the textbox at the bottom of the screen. Suggestions for similar terms in the document will automatically be generated. Only one term can be searched at a time, and truncation is not available. This means that a search for the word &ldquo;graphic&rdquo; will not return instances of the word &ldquo;graphics&rdquo;.</p> <p><img src=\\\"system/images/5/original/reader_keyword.png?1329536989\\\" alt=\\\"Keyword selection.\\\" width=\\\"337\\\" height=\\\"298\\\" /></p> <p>All instances of your keyword will be highlighted in the document, so they can be easily identified as you scroll through. You can mouse over any term in the corpus to see a frequency count for that word. Once a keyword has been entered the coloured bars in the navigation menu will change to indicate which document sections contain that word. A more saturated hue indicates the presence of your keyword in that section. You should be aware that clicking on the bar will simply take you to the beginning of the indicated section, it does not take you directly to the highlighted word. In a large corpus you may have to scroll quite a long way in order to find the highlighted term. Novice users may find this behaviour confusing. It would be great to have a way to link directly to each instance of the word in the corpus.</p> <p><strong>Drawbacks</strong></p> <p>Reader is not a full-featured text analysis tool. Reader is best used in the full Voyant skin, where it allows the user to drill down into the text of a document while performing more complex analysis tasks in the surrounding tools. I found Reader to be slow when loading and navigating through large corpora. The tool occasionally froze, forcing me to click on the top blue bar to reload the corpus.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-18 03:56:29','2012-02-18 03:56:29'),(77,8,20,'<p><strong>Overview</strong></p> <p>The ScatterPlot text analysis tool, is part of the web-based Voyant toolset developed by Stefan Sinclair and Geoffrey Rockwell. ScatterPlot uses multivariate analysis to create a graph of terms, spaced by their variation from one another. The default view is a visualization of the top 50 terms, represented by blue circles, and all of the documents within the corpus, represented by orange diamonds. A larger circle indicates a term with higher frequency. Mouse over any blue circle to see the raw and relative frequencies of that term. Raw frequency is a simple count of word occurrences in the corpus, and relative frequency is the result of raw frequency/total number of words in the corpus.</p> <p><strong>Multivariate Analysis</strong></p> <p>ScatterPlot is tool to detect patterns among a large number of variables. Multivariate analysis is used to derive a Cartesian (X,Y) point for each term based on word frequency across the documents in a corpus. If there are 12 documents in my corpus, for example, then the equation will be based on 12 frequency counts for each word. If we have 12 words across twelve documents then we end up with 12 x 12 matrix of data elements. These variables are plugged into a into a statistical formula to find a single pair of coordinates for each term.</p> <p><strong>Analysis Techniques</strong></p> <p>Two techniques are offered for multivariate analysis: Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Correspondence Analysis(CA). When the PCA technique is chosen from the Analysis drop down menu we see only the terms on the chart, when CA is selected we see the relationship between terms and between documents. Terms appear in closer proximity to documents in which they are more frequent. You can either accept the most frequent terms that are offered by default (apply the Tapor stop word list to eliminate common articles, conjunctions, and other les significant words) or you can enter your own set of terms for analysis.</p> <p><strong>Large Scale Patterns</strong></p> <p>You can choose to visualize between 10 and 100 terms simultaneously by using the Terms drop down menu. Unlike some of the other tools in the Voyant set, ScatterPlot is most useful when evaluating a large number of terms simultaneously. It can reveal large scale data patterns that would otherwise be difficult to detect. Scatter plots can reveal unusual feature in data sets like clusters, gaps, and outliers. The Clusters option provides an automated clustering of similar terms. Each Cluster is drawn in a different colour, with the term closest to the middle of each cluster represented as a triangle. This is a particularly useful visual guide in large data sets where it can be difficult to differentiate points that are tightly packed together.</p> <p><strong>Reading Graphs</strong></p> <p>In the following Principle Component Analysis graph one can quickly identify the term http (red arrow) as an outlier. The other terms are largely clustered around a line with a strong positive slope (as shown by the blue arrow). Strength refers to the degree of \\\"scatter\\\" in the plot. If the dots are widely spread, the relationship between variables is weak. If the dots are concentrated around a line, the relationship is strong.</p> <p><img src=\\\"system/images/8/original/scatterplot_outlier.png?1329561913\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" width=\\\"428\\\" height=\\\"421\\\" /></p> <p>If we switch to a Correspondence Analysis of the same data set, we can see that the terms http and humanist are more strongly correlated with documents that appear later in the corpus, and that the term x-humanist correlates with earlier documents. The word humanist is a frequently occurring term across the whole corpus, but its usage spikes in later documents:</p> <p><img src=\\\"system/images/7/original/scatterplot_CA.png?1329561903%20\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" width=\\\"422\\\" height=\\\"410\\\" /></p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>ScatterPlot is a very interesting tool, but the learning curve may be steep for the less mathematically inclined. I had difficulty interpreting the meaning of the x &amp; y axis &ndash; clearer labels would be extremely useful for the novice user. The tool leverages formal mathematical models for multivariate analysis, but one can derive useful information without a full grasp of the underlying formulas. This tool is a good starting point for pinpointing patterns and aberrations that may merit further investigation. ScatterPlot will yield the most interesting results when used alongside other tools like word trends and concordances that offer a complementary view of the data. St<em>&eacute;fa</em>n Sinclair has created a Voyant view called the <a href=\\\"http://voyeurtools.org/?corpus=humanist&amp;stopList=stop.en.taporware.txt&amp;skin=scatter\\\">scatter skin</a> for just such a purpose. For a more in-depth description of the Correspondence Analysis method, see his <a href=\\\"http://stefansinclair.name/correspondence-analysis/\\\">blog entry</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-18 10:47:14','2012-02-18 10:47:14'),(78,9,47,'<p><strong><em>Fixed Phrase (HTML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>search</strong> for two words or patterns within a user-specified distance apart and show all instances matching the specifications within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines, sentences or paragraphs, specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 paragraphs), or limit the search only to words appearing within specified HTML tags. Larger contexts will slow the tool\'s processing, particularly for novel-length texts. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to exclude words appearing in the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> from the list of collocates and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only two minor <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. In addition, the tool has difficulty with the text structure of poetry and may not give results when the context is set to paragraph.</p> <p><strong><em>In summation, Fixed Phrase (HTML) is an effective way to see where two words or patterns appear in relation to one another.</em></strong> Versions are also available for XML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-27 23:58:22','2012-02-28 00:00:21'),(79,9,49,'<p><strong><em>Fixed Phrase (XML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>search</strong> for two words or patterns within a user-specified distance apart and show all instances matching the specifications within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines or sentences, specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 sentences), or limit the search only to words appearing within specified XML tags and tag attributes. Larger contexts will slow the tool\'s processing, particularly for novel-length texts. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to exclude words appearing in the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> from the list of collocates and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. The tool also has difficulty with the text structure of poetry and may not give results when the context is set to paragraph. Finally, the XML Tree output of this tool frequently produces an XML parsing error.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these issues, Fixed Phrase (XML) is an effective way to see where two words or patterns appear in relation to one another.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:01:33','2012-02-28 00:01:33'),(80,9,48,'<p><strong><em>Fixed Phrase (XML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>search</strong> for two words or patterns within a user-specified distance apart and show all instances matching the specifications within a document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the <strong>context</strong> to words, lines, sentences or paragraphs, and specify what length of that context to look within (ex: 5 words, 2 paragraphs). Larger contexts will slow the tool\'s processing, particularly for novel-length texts. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include an option to exclude words appearing in the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> from the list of collocates and output formats including <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only two minor <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. In addition, the tool has difficulty with the text structure of poetry and may not give results when the context is set to paragraph.</p> <p><strong><em>In summation, Fixed Phrases (XML) is an effective way to see where two words or patterns appear in relation to one another.</em></strong> Versions are also available for XML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:02:27','2013-09-04 21:06:47'),(81,9,32,'<p><strong><em>List XML Elements (XML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>search</strong> elements and attributes within an XML document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set <strong>list options</strong> via criteria such as unique element names, element tree structure, attributes or elements containing elements. The tool&rsquo;s processing is slowed somewhat as text size increases, but within acceptable limits and without impacting its utility. The output formats for this tool include <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> tab delimited</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. In addition, when the output is set to XML Tree, this tool frequently produces an XML parsing error.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these issue, List XML Elements (XML) is an effective way to see the elements, attributes or structure of an XML document.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:04:19','2012-02-28 00:04:19'),(82,9,66,'<p><strong>Aggregator (Other)</strong> is a free, simple to use web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is designed to <strong>aggregate</strong> text from multiple web addresses, either manually copied into the tool, or from a list stored in a file on the user&rsquo;s local computer.</p> <p>The text from a given web address will appear in the same order as the list of sources. Users may also include a document from their local computer in the aggregate. The tool has two <strong>options for handling markup</strong>: strip any XML or HTML tags from the texts, or smart strip tags to form an XML corpus. The latter option transforms non-XML texts into comments. The output formats available for this tool are <strong>HTML</strong>, <strong>XML Text in HTML</strong>, <strong>XML Tree</strong> and<strong> Plain Text</strong>.</p> <p>This tool has only a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the plain text output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. In addition, when the output is set to XML Tree, this tool frequently produces an XML parsing error.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these issue, Aggregator (Other) is an effective way to aggregate several web documents.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:21:05','2012-02-28 00:21:05'),(83,9,68,'<p><strong>Raining Words (Other)</strong> is a free, easy to use web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It generates a <strong>list of high-frequency words</strong> from an HTML document at a user-specified web address, and <strong>visualizes</strong> them in a <strong>Java applet</strong> that sizes and assigns a movement speed to words based on that frequency.</p> <p>To display the applet, users must have Java 1.4.2_8 or later installed for their browser. In order to have the applet display in a separate tab or browser window, users must also tell their browser&rsquo;s pop-up blocker to permit popups from the TAPoR website. The tool can handle novel-length texts, though the tool&rsquo;s processing will slow proportional to the size of the text.</p> <p>There are a few <strong>options</strong> available for this tool. Users may limit subtext to only that text appearing within specific HTML elements, and either include all words, or limit based on a user-specified list, Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong>, or a user-specified pattern. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users. Once the applet has loaded, the user may manipulate the speed and direction of the text by gesturing with their mouse cursor.</p> <p>This tool has only a few minor <strong>problems</strong>. The Java applet is sensitive to the volume of other traffic on the user&rsquo;s network and its processing may be slowed or it may fail to load when traffic is heavy. If it fails to load, refreshing the page or resubmitting the tool will generally resolve the issue. In addition, this tool&rsquo;s input is limited to documents hosted at a web address, and it cannot process XML or plain text.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitations, Raining Words (Other) is an interesting, interactive alternative to a word cloud for visualizing high frequency words in an HTML document.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:22:02','2012-02-28 00:22:02'),(84,9,72,'<p><strong>Weighted Centroid (Other)</strong> is a free, easy to use web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It generates a circular <strong>visualization</strong> of <strong>high frequency words</strong> from an HTML, XML or plain text document at a user-specified web address or from a local file, and <strong>visualizes</strong> them in a <strong>Java applet</strong> that places them in a circle relative to their frequency and distribution within the source document.</p> <p>To display the applet, users must have Java 1.4.2_8 or later installed for their browser. In order to have the applet display in a separate tab or browser window, users must also tell their browser&rsquo;s pop-up blocker to permit popups from the TAPoR website. The tool can handle novel-length texts, though the tool&rsquo;s processing will slow proportional to the size of the text.</p> <p>There are a few <strong>options</strong> available for this tool. Users may break the text into <strong>paragraphs</strong>, according to its <strong>percentage</strong> of the larger text or into chunks of a specific number of words. They may also limit words to those not on the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong>, choose how many of the top words to include in the visualization, and specify words in addition to those top words to include.</p> <p>Once the applet has loaded, users can click on or hover the mouse cursor over words to see their associations. HTML table and tab delimited text output is also available for users seeking an alternate means of representing the data.</p> <p>This tool has a few <strong>problems</strong>. The Java applet is sensitive to the volume of other traffic on the user&rsquo;s network and its processing may be slowed or it may fail to load when traffic is heavy. If it fails to load, refreshing the page or resubmitting the tool will generally resolve the issue. When the tool generates its list of top words, punctuation is often identified as a word and quotation marks appended to adjacent words. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitations, Weighted Centroid (Other) is a rich, interactive means of visualizing word relationships and distributions.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:28:54','2012-02-28 00:28:54'),(85,9,73,'<p><strong><em>List Pairs (Beta)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed <strong>generate lists</strong> of all <strong>words pairs</strong> in a user-specified document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may specify a number of <strong>restrictions</strong> to limit the list. The options include ignoring all punctuation, treating sentences as a single text unit for the purposes of the search, specifying at least one word matching a user-provided pattern, including at least one word from a user-specified list, and exclude words according to either the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> or a user-specified list. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>The tool&rsquo;s <strong>results may be sorted</strong> according to frequency, order of appearance or in reverse alphabetical order. Display options currently include <strong>HTML</strong>, <strong>XML text in HTML</strong>, <strong>XML tree</strong> or <strong>tab delimited</strong>.</p> <p>This tool currently has some <strong>problems</strong>. Its processing is slowed significantly as text size approaches novel length. In addition, while it will accept HTML and XML documents, it strips all tagging and processes it as if it were plain text.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitations, List Pairs (Beta) is an effective way to view all pairs in a document.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:29:17','2012-11-09 17:05:24'),(86,9,74,'<p><strong><em>Principle Components Analysis (Beta)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed <strong>generate relationships</strong> between words and text units in a user-specified plain text document, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files. The relationships are <strong>visualized</strong> in a <strong>Java applet</strong> that places words on an interactive <strong>scatter plot</strong>.</p> <p>To display the applet, users must have Java 1.4.2_8 or later installed for their browser. In order to have the applet display in a separate tab or browser window, users must also tell their browser&rsquo;s pop-up blocker to permit popups from the TAPoR website. The tool can handle novel-length texts, though the tool&rsquo;s processing will slow proportional to the size of the text. A number of <strong>options</strong> are available for interacting with the graph, including zoom, rotate, pan and changing the view axis.</p> <p>Users may specify a number of <strong>restrictions</strong> to limit the list. The subtext options allow one to break the text into paragraphs, by percentage or into chunks by number of words. The words themselves may be limited by the number of the highest frequency words to appear, and by whether or not to exclude words according to either the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong> or a user-specified list.</p> <p>In addition to the Java applet, the tool&rsquo;s <strong>results</strong> can be displayed as an HTML table or as tab delimited text. The tool gives best results for documents over 500 words and a number of text units below 100.</p> <p>This tool currently has a few minor <strong>problems</strong>. When identifying words, it tends to include punctuation such as quotation marks, and opening quotes are appended to the word they appear adjacent to. The Java applet is sensitive to the volume of other traffic on the user&rsquo;s network and its processing may be slowed or it may fail to load when traffic is heavy. If it fails to load, refreshing the page or resubmitting the tool will generally resolve the issue. In addition, while it will accept HTML and XML documents, it strips all tagging and processes it as if it were plain text.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitations, Principal Components Analysis (Beta) is an interesting, interactive way to view the distribution of the top words in a document.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:30:33','2012-02-28 00:30:33'),(87,9,75,'<p><strong>Word Cloud (Beta)</strong> is a free, easy to use web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It generates a <strong>list of high-frequency words</strong> from plain text document at a user-specified web address or from the user\'s files, and <strong>visualizes</strong> them in a <strong>Java-enhanced web page </strong>that sizes words based on that frequency.</p> <p>There are a few <strong>options</strong> available for this tool. Users may limit the number of top words appearing in the cloud and choose whether or not to apply the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong>. Once the page has loaded, the user can view the number of times a word appears in the text by hovering their cursor over that word, or click on the word to view a <strong>concordance</strong> for it.</p> <p>The <strong>results</strong> may be displayed by appearance, frequency or alphabetically, and users can enable or disable a fixed layout on the results page.</p> <p>This tool has only a few <strong>problems</strong>. When identifying words, it tends to include punctuation such as quotation marks. The size scaling of the least frequent to most frequent words in the cloud is not sufficiently diverse to allow for the clear distinction between words when the cloud is generated from 50 or less of the top words. In addition, while it will accept HTML and XML documents, it strips all tagging and processes it as if it were plain text.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitation, Word Cloud (Beta) is an effectively enriched variation on the standard a word cloud for visualizing high frequency words in a document.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:32:30','2012-02-28 00:32:30'),(88,9,82,'<p><strong>Keywords Finder (Beta)</strong> is a free, simple to use web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It generates a <strong>list of keywords</strong> from a plain text, HTML or XML document at a user-specified web address or from the user\'s files, and displays them in an HTML page.</p> <p>This tool is basic, with only one <strong>option</strong> to affect the <strong>results</strong>: an <strong>inflectional stemmer</strong>. The results page offers a list of key words and phrases, the 20 top frequency words, 10 top frequency word pairs and 10 top frequency word triplets. Users can click on the most frequent words, pairs or triplets to view a <strong>concordance</strong> for them.</p> <p>The tool has a few <strong>problems</strong>. While it will accept HTML and XML documents, it strips all tagging and processes it as if it were plain text. It is also slow to process, becoming more and more sluggish as text size increases and when the inflectional stemmer is applied. Though it can handle novel-length texts, the strain on the server often results in an error, requiring the user to resubmit the tool. In addition, the tool has no option to open the results in another window or tab, requiring the use of the back button to try another text or tool.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitation, Keywords Finder (Beta) is an effectively way to quickly identify key words or phrases within a text and generate a concordance from them.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:33:28','2012-02-28 00:33:28'),(89,9,83,'<p><strong>Compare with Control (Beta)</strong> is a free, easy to use web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It compares a text to a control text and generates a <strong>list of words by frequency </strong>with <strong>statistical information</strong> from a plain text document at a user-specified web address or from the user\'s files.</p> <p>This tool offers a few <strong>options</strong>. Users may compare their text with the provided <strong>Brown corpus</strong> or provide a corpus from their files, and choose to include all words or exclude those words on the Glasgow <strong>stop list</strong>.</p> <p>The <strong>results</strong> can be sorted either by frequency, or by ratio over the control corpus, and be displayed as HTML or a tab delimited list. The information provided in the results includes counts, relative frequencies and relative distributions. This tool can handle novel-length texts, though the tool\'s processing slows as the text size increases.</p> <p>The tool has a few <strong>problems</strong>. While it will accept HTML and XML documents, it strips all tagging and processes it as if it were plain text. The tab delimited list option has a poor alignment of headers to columns, impacting the clarity of the data. In addition, users are unable to provide their own stop word list.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitation, Compare with Control (Beta) is an effectively way to quickly generate statistics showing the difference between a given text and a control corpus.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:33:41','2012-02-28 00:33:41'),(90,9,84,'<p><strong>Web Page Cleaner (Beta)</strong> is a free, simple to use web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It processes an HTML document at a user-specified web address or from the user\'s files and removes all HTML tagging.</p> <p>This tool is basic, offering only two <strong>options</strong>: users may either <strong>strip tags</strong> from their document, or <strong>convert it to plain text</strong>.</p> <p>The tool has a few <strong>problems</strong>. It replaces some punctuation, other non-alphabetical and accented alphabetical characters with Unicode equivalents. When the strip tag option is selected, the tool also runs previously-tagged text together, which can result in issues if no space was included before or after a tagged chunk. &nbsp;</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these limitation, Web Page Cleaner (Beta) is an effectively way to quickly convert an HTML document to untagged text or plain text.</em></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 00:50:28','2012-02-28 00:50:28'),(91,9,61,'<p><strong><em>Comparator (Plain Text)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>compare</strong> the text of two documents, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the comparison criteria. <strong>Options</strong> include all words, words matching a pattern, words in or excluded from a user-specified list, or excluded from the Glasgow <strong>stop word list</strong>. The second text can be plain text, HTML or XML; the tool will treat HTML and XML documents as plain text. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include <strong>options</strong> to sort by the first text&rsquo;s word count or ratio of relative word count, and to display as <strong>HTML </strong>or a <strong>tab delimited</strong> text. The HTML output gives several <strong>tables of information</strong> about the texts, including basic information about the texts, a word comparison, words in the first text, and words in the second. Any of the words in the word comparison table may be clicked to produce a <strong>concordance</strong> for that word.</p> <p>This tool has a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. In addition, punctuation like open quotes and long dashes are often appended to the adjacent word, skewing the counts and comparison.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these issues, Comparator (Plain Text) is an effective way to make a comparative analysis of two texts.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and XML documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 02:56:12','2012-02-28 02:56:12'),(92,9,60,'<p><strong><em>Comparator (XML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>compare</strong> the text of two documents, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the comparison criteria. <strong>Options</strong> include all words, words matching a pattern, words in or excluded from a user-specified list, or excluded from the Glasgow <strong>stop word list</strong>. Words can also be restricted by XML elements. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include <strong>options</strong> to sort by the first text&rsquo;s word count or ratio of relative word count, and to display as <strong>HTML </strong>or a <strong>tab delimited</strong> text. The HTML output gives several <strong>tables of information</strong> about the texts, including basic information about the texts, a word comparison, words in the first text, and words in the second. Any of the words in the word comparison table may be clicked to produce a <strong>concordance</strong> for that word.</p> <p>This tool has a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. In addition, punctuation like open quotes and long dashes are often appended to the adjacent word, skewing the counts and comparison.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these issues, Comparator (XML) is an effective way to make a comparative analysis of two texts.</em></strong> Versions are also available for HTML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 02:56:33','2012-02-28 02:56:33'),(93,9,59,'<p><strong><em>Comparator (HTML)</em></strong> is a free, web-based tool designed to run in a browser window. It is easy to use, designed to <strong>compare</strong> the text of two documents, either hosted at a web address or uploaded from the user\'s files.</p> <p>Users may set the comparison criteria. <strong>Options</strong> include all words, words matching a pattern, words in or excluded from a user-specified list, or excluded from the Glasgow <strong>stop word list</strong>. Words can also be restricted by XML elements. Searching a <strong>pattern</strong> rather than a word requires skill with <strong>regular expressions</strong> and is thus not accessible to all users.</p> <p>Other features include <strong>options</strong> to sort by the first text&rsquo;s word count or ratio of relative word count, and to display as <strong>HTML </strong>or a <strong>tab delimited</strong> text. The HTML output gives several <strong>tables of information</strong> about the texts, including basic information about the texts, a word comparison, words in the first text, and words in the second. Any of the words in the word comparison table may be clicked to produce a <strong>concordance</strong> for that word.</p> <p>This tool has a few <strong>problems</strong>. When the tab delimited output is selected, the tool may not process some characters correctly; please see List Words (Plain Text) for examples. In addition, punctuation like open quotes and long dashes are often appended to the adjacent word, skewing the counts and comparison.</p> <p><strong><em>Despite these issues, Comparator (HTML) is an effective way to make a comparative analysis of two texts.</em></strong> Versions are also available for XML and plain text documents.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-02-28 02:56:51','2012-02-28 02:57:10'),(96,8,17,'<p><strong>Knots Overview</strong></p> <p>Knots is an unusual visualization environment, one of the many text analysis tools offered as part of the <a href=\\\"http://hermeneuti.ca/voyeur/tools\\\">Voyant</a> toolset. All of the Voyant tools are web-based, and intended for use by both expert and non-expert users. You can either enter the URL of a web-based text, or upload one or more local documents for analysis in Knots.</p> <p>When the tool initially loads it will by default display the most frequent words from the first document in a corpus. To enter new keywords, first remove existing terms using the &ldquo;clear terms&rdquo; button, and then enter new terms one at a time. Clicking on a&nbsp; selected term will toggle it on or off in the visualization. Unfortunately, the Knots tool cannot analyse terms across the whole corpus simultaneously, but evaluates only one document at a time. Use the &ldquo;Documents&rdquo; drop down menu to select a new document for analysis.</p> <p><strong>Navigating Knots</strong></p> <p>Each of the selected keywords is shown as a continuous line. Frequent terms will produced lines that are twisted and convoluted, whereas straighter lines indicate &nbsp;less frequent terms. Overlapping of lines indicates a linkage between the terms.</p> <p>As you move your cursor over the knots, you will see that each is composed of a series of distinct line segments. Each of these segments represents one instance of the term. When clicked these segments will trigger a small window showing you the text excerpt in which that particular instance of the word occurs. Clicking a line segment will also open a new tab showing the selected term in the full Voyant text analysis interface.</p> <p>Although we know that overlapping lines indicate some kind of relevance between the two terms, it is not possible to easily see exactly how the works are linked. It would be useful to have more information about the meaning of these overlaps. Are the words frequently found in close proximity? Do the words co-occur in a section or paragraph? The tool documentation provides little clue as to the type of relationship that might be represented by an overlap between two lines.</p> <p><strong>Tangle</strong>s</p> <p>The &ldquo;Tangles&rdquo; slider controls how many twists there are within the visualization. When I moved the slider to all the way to the left to choose a value of 5 twists, the tool took longer to render the image than it had when the default value of 30 was selected. The effect of choosing a lower number of twists is to produce larger, looser knots that more easily expose the line segments that compose the knot, allowing for more granular exploration of a given term.</p> <p>The following image shows the frequency of five different terms in a document using the lowest possible setting on the Tangles slider:</p> <p><img src=\\\"system/images/1/original/knots_tangles_5.png?1326586966\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" /></p> <p>Here are the same terms from the same document rendered at the highest possible setting on the Tangles slider:</p> <p><img src=\\\"system/images/2/original/knots_tangles_90.png?1326587007\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" /></p> <p>You can see that the representations are quite different. When the tangle setting is lower it is easier to distinguish each separate line segment in knots of high frequency words.&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Build Speed</strong></p> <p>The Build Speed slider controls the speed at which the graphic is rendered. The rendering is fastest when the slider is pushed all the way to the left (lower number), and slowest when pushed all the way to the right (higher number). This is somewhat counterintuitive, as one expects the build to speed up as the slider is pushed to the right.</p> <p><strong>Starting Angle</strong></p> <p>The &ldquo;Starting Angle&rdquo; slider adjusts the angle of the lines. It is useful for changing the orientation of the visualization for best fit within a browser window, and to create either a landscape or portrait version of the visualization for publishing in other sources.</p> <p>Knots is a strange and interesting tool. It is most useful for comparing frequency between two or more separate terms in a given document. Knots provides some indication as to which of those terms are most closely linked to one another, although it is difficult to understand much about the nature of those relationships from within the Knots interface. Click through to the full Voyant interface for much more sophisticated analytics.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-01-15 00:32:11','2012-02-08 07:54:39'),(300,17,197,'Overview and Setup Mallet is a free open source command line tool and Java library that specializes in machine learning algorithms and their applications to text. Mallet is in essence two programs. It comes with a command line executable that has access to its most frequently used features, and also a Java library that can be built into any other Java program. The package is distributed in tar.gz form and needs to be built from source code. Anyone already familiar with building Java programs should have no trouble getting Mallet up and running. However, anyone new to Java programming should familiarize themselves with the Java Compiler, Apache Ant, and the command line before proceeding. General installation instructions can be found on the Mallet webpage.  Features  Mallet is designed to read plain text files only, but has the capability to import from either a folder of text documents or a single document with new lines delimiting each entry. Each document can be assigned a name as well as a class. Once imported, Mallet uses machine learning algorithms to build models based on the imported data. Two of the biggest features of Mallet are Topic Modeling and Classification. The classifier guesses the class of new textual documents based on a corpus of already classified documents that it has trained on. The topic modeler infers topics in a corpus, and the prevalence of each topic within each individual document. Mallet outputs in the form of raw data. It may be necessary to involve a separate statistical program or conversion software to get the data into a form that is easy to analyze. All mentioned features are available through the command line.  Conclusion  Mallet is both a powerful tool and a powerful tool framework. Apart from the features mentioned above Mallet also contains a large collection of smaller tools available through the Java API which cannot all be documented here. Mallet is useful at both a moderate and advanced level. Newer users only wishing to access the major features of Mallet can do so through the command line, while advanced users familiar with Java programming can incorporate any portion of Mallet into a much larger program. Mallet\'s lack of a GUI can be daunting for the less experienced user; however, the learning experience is more than worth the rewards. For those interested in this tool, a very good introductory tutorial can be found here ‘http://programminghistorian.org/lessons/topic-modeling-and-mallet’. ',1,0,0,'2012-11-02 01:15:09','2012-11-09 17:35:32'),(301,17,197,'<p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Overview and Setup</span></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Mallet is a free open source command line tool and Java library that specializes in machine learning algorithms and their applications to text. Mallet is in essence two programs. It comes with a <strong>command line executable</strong> that has access to its most frequently used features, and also a <strong>Java library</strong> that can be built into any other Java program. The package is distributed in tar.gz form and needs to be <strong>built from source code</strong>. Anyone already familiar with building Java programs should have no trouble getting Mallet up and running. However, anyone new to Java programming should familiarize themselves with the Java Compiler, Apache Ant, and the command line before proceeding. General installation instructions can be found on the Mallet webpage.</p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Features</span></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Mallet is designed to read <strong>plain text files</strong> only, but has the capability to import from either a folder of text documents or a single document with new lines delimiting each entry. Each document can be assigned a name as well as a class. Once imported, Mallet uses <strong>machine learning algorithms</strong> to build models based on the imported data. Two of the biggest features of Mallet are Topic Modeling and Classification. The classifier guesses the class of new textual documents based on a corpus of already classified documents that it has trained on. The topic modeler infers topics in a corpus, and the prevalence of each topic within each individual document. <strong>Mallet outputs in the form of raw data</strong>. It may be necessary to involve a separate statistical program or conversion software to get the data into a form that is easy to analyze. <strong>All mentioned features are available through the command line.</strong></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Conclusion</span></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Mallet is both a powerful tool and a powerful tool framework. Apart from the features mentioned above Mallet also contains a large collection of smaller tools available through the Java API which cannot all be documented here. Mallet is useful at both a moderate and advanced level. Newer users only wishing to access the major features of Mallet can do so through the command line, while advanced users familiar with Java programming can incorporate any portion of Mallet into a much larger program. Mallet\'s lack of a GUI can be daunting for the less experienced user; however, the learning experience is more than worth the rewards. For those interested in this tool, a very good introductory tutorial can be found here &lsquo;<a href=\\\"http://programminghistorian.org/lessons/topic-modeling-and-mallet\\\">http://programminghistorian.org/lessons/topic-modeling-and-mallet</a>&rsquo;. </p> <div><hr align=\\\"left\\\" size=\\\"1\\\" width=\\\"33%\\\" /></div> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">&nbsp;</p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2012-11-02 01:16:21','2012-11-09 17:35:55'),(303,17,197,'<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:WordDocument>   <w:View>Normal</w:View>   <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>   <w:TrackMoves/>   <w:TrackFormatting/>   <w:PunctuationKerning/>   <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>   <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>   <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>   <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>   <w:DoNotPromoteQF/>   <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>   <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>   <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>   <w:Compatibility>    <w:BreakWrappedTables/>    <w:SnapToGridInCell/>    <w:WrapTextWithPunct/>    <w:UseAsianBreakRules/>    <w:DontGrowAutofit/>    <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>    <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>    <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>    <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>   </w:Compatibility>   <w:DoNotOptimizeForBrowser/>   <m:mathPr>    <m:mathFont m:val=\\\"Cambria Math\\\"/>    <m:brkBin m:val=\\\"before\\\"/>    <m:brkBinSub m:val=\\\"&#45;-\\\"/>    <m:smallFrac m:val=\\\"off\\\"/>    <m:dispDef/>    <m:lMargin m:val=\\\"0\\\"/>    <m:rMargin m:val=\\\"0\\\"/>    <m:defJc m:val=\\\"centerGroup\\\"/>    <m:wrapIndent m:val=\\\"1440\\\"/>    <m:intLim m:val=\\\"subSup\\\"/>    <m:naryLim m:val=\\\"undOvr\\\"/>   </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <p class=\\\"Textbody\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Overview and Setup</span></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Mallet is a free open source command line tool and Java library that specializes in machine learning algorithms and their applications to text. Mallet is in essence two programs. It comes with a <strong>command line executable</strong> that has access to its most frequently used features, and also a <strong>Java library</strong> that can be built into any other Java program. The package is distributed in tar.gz form and needs to be <strong>built from source code</strong>. Anyone already familiar with building Java programs should have no trouble getting Mallet up and running. However, anyone new to Java programming should familiarize themselves with the Java Compiler, Apache Ant, and the command line before proceeding. General installation instructions can be found on the Mallet webpage.</p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">&nbsp;</p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Features</span></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Mallet is designed to read <strong>plain text files</strong> only, but has the capability to import from either a folder of text documents or a single document with new lines delimiting each entry. Each document can be assigned a name as well as a class. Once imported, Mallet uses <strong>machine learning algorithms</strong> to build models based on the imported data. Two of the biggest features of Mallet are Topic Modeling and Classification. The classifier guesses the class of new textual documents based on a corpus of already classified documents that it has trained on. The topic modeler infers topics in a corpus, and the prevalence of each topic within each individual document. <strong>Mallet outputs in the form of raw data</strong>. It may be necessary to involve a separate statistical program or conversion software to get the data into a form that is easy to analyze. <strong>All mentioned features are available through the command line.</strong></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">&nbsp;</p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Conclusion</span></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Mallet is both a powerful tool and a powerful tool framework. Apart from the features mentioned above Mallet also contains a large collection of smaller tools available through the Java API which cannot all be documented here. Mallet is useful at both a moderate and advanced level. Newer users only wishing to access the major features of Mallet can do so through the command line, while advanced users familiar with Java programming can incorporate any portion of Mallet into a much larger program. Mallet\'s lack of a GUI can be daunting for the less experienced user; however, the learning experience is more than worth the rewards. For those interested in this tool, a very good introductory tutorial can be found here &lsquo;http://programminghistorian.org/lessons/topic-modeling-and-mallet&rsquo;.</p> <div style=\\\"mso-element: comment-list;\\\"><hr class=\\\"msocomoff\\\" align=\\\"left\\\" size=\\\"1\\\" width=\\\"33%\\\" /></div> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=\\\"false\\\" DefUnhideWhenUsed=\\\"true\\\"   DefSemiHidden=\\\"true\\\" DefQFormat=\\\"false\\\" DefPriority=\\\"99\\\"   LatentStyleCount=\\\"267\\\">   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"0\\\" SemiHidden=\\\"false\\\"    UnhideWhenUsed=\\\"false\\\" QFormat=\\\"true\\\" Name=\\\"Normal\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"9\\\" SemiHidden=\\\"false\\\"    UnhideWhenUsed=\\\"false\\\" QFormat=\\\"true\\\" Name=\\\"heading 1\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"9\\\" QFormat=\\\"true\\\" Name=\\\"heading 2\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"9\\\" 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Grid 2 Accent 3\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"69\\\" SemiHidden=\\\"false\\\"    UnhideWhenUsed=\\\"false\\\" Name=\\\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 3\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"70\\\" SemiHidden=\\\"false\\\"    UnhideWhenUsed=\\\"false\\\" Name=\\\"Dark List Accent 3\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"71\\\" SemiHidden=\\\"false\\\"    UnhideWhenUsed=\\\"false\\\" Name=\\\"Colorful Shading Accent 3\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"72\\\" SemiHidden=\\\"false\\\"    UnhideWhenUsed=\\\"false\\\" Name=\\\"Colorful List Accent 3\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"73\\\" SemiHidden=\\\"false\\\"    UnhideWhenUsed=\\\"false\\\" Name=\\\"Colorful Grid Accent 3\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" Priority=\\\"60\\\" SemiHidden=\\\"false\\\"    UnhideWhenUsed=\\\"false\\\" Name=\\\"Light Shading Accent 4\\\"/>   <w:LsdException Locked=\\\"false\\\" 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<![endif]--> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2012-11-02 01:18:55','2014-02-18 19:33:14'),(1214,9,199,'<p>TACT is generally recognized as a historically important text analysis tool within the Digital Humanities. Although no longer in wide use, it is known to have been used as a teaching tool in undergraduate literature courses into the mid-1990s. More information about the tool and its use can be found in the following articles:</p> <p>Armstrong, Gudya. \\\"Computer-Assisted Literary Analysis Using the TACT Text-Retrieval Program.\\\" <em>Computers &amp; Texts</em> 11.8 (1996). <a href=\\\"http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ctitext2/publish/comtxt/ct11/armstron.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Hawthorne, Mark. \\\"The Computer in Literary Analysis: Using <em>TACT</em> with Students.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 28.1 (1994): 19-27. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200307\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>More information about TACT as a text analysis tool is available via the official guides. The former is maintained by the Modern Language Association as a free PDF:</p> <p>Lancashire, Ian, John Bradley, Willard McCarty, Michael Stairs and T. R. Wooldridge. <em>Using TACT With Electronic Texts: A Guide to Text-Analysis Computing Tools: Version 2.1 for MS-DOS and PC DOS</em>. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1996. <a href=\\\"http://www.mla.org/store/CID7/PID236\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>McCarty, Willard. \\\"Text Analysis Computing Tools: a brief guide.\\\" <em>Centre for Computing in the Humanities</em>. 1993.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Information on ARRAS\' relationship to TACT is available in:</p> <p>Centre for Computing in the Humanities. <em>Tools for Humanists, 1989: Software &amp; Hardware: Fair Guide</em>. Toronto: Centre for Computing in the Humanities, University of Toronto (1989).</p>',1,0,0,'2012-11-22 18:56:56','2013-06-18 20:19:54'),(1243,9,203,'<p>More information about GINGER II and its development and functionality may be found here:</p> <p>Dini, Luca, Vittorio di Tomaso and Frederique Segond. \\\"GINGER II: An Example-Driven Word Sense Disambiguator.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 34.1-2 (2000): 121-126. <a href=\\\"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/16898915/ginger-ii-example-driven-word-sense-disambiguator\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-11-29 21:52:19','2013-06-18 20:25:11'),(1244,9,205,'<p>INTEX is a linguistic development environment promoted through workshops over the course of eight years and used by multiple projects and researchers. More information on its development and functionality may be found in the following articles:</p> <p>Silberztein, Max. \\\"INTEX: An Integrated FST Toolbox.\\\" <em>Automata Implementation: Lecture Notes in Computer Science</em> 1436 (1998): 185-197. <a href=\\\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3975(99)00015-8\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Silberztein, Max. \\\"INTEX 4.1 for Windows: A Walkthrough.\\\" <em>Automata Implementation: Lecture Notes in Computer Science</em> 1160 (1999): 230-243. <a href=\\\"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=721539\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Silberztein, Max. \\\"Text Indexation with INTEX.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 33.3 (1999): 265-280. <a href=\\\"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/2733448/text-indexation-intex\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-11-30 20:53:22','2013-06-18 20:28:40'),(1245,9,206,'<p>NETMET is a metaphor generator and interpreter designed for use in the humanities. More information on its development and functionality may be found in the following:</p> <p>Steinhart, Eric. \\\"NETMET: A Program for Generating and Interpreting Metaphors.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 28.6 (1995): 383-392. <a href=\\\"http://www.ericsteinhart.com/articles/netmetapa.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-11-30 21:23:18','2013-06-18 20:30:25'),(1246,9,207,'<p>More information on Micro-EYEBALL, its applications and development is available here:</p> <p>Ross, Donald and David Hunter. \\\"Micro-EYEBALL: An Interactive System for Producing Stylistic Descriptions and Comparisons.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 28.1 (1994): 1-11. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200305\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>More information about the original version of EYEBALL is also available here:</p> <p>Ross Jr., Donald and Robert H. Rasche. \\\"EYEBALL: A Computer Program for Description of Style.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 6.4 (1972): 213-221. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204031\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-11-30 22:02:59','2013-06-18 20:36:12'),(1247,9,208,'<p>Collate: Interactive Collation of Large Textual Traditions is a historically important tool. Additional information may be found in the following:</p> <p>Johnson, Eric. \\\"Technical Review: Collate: Interactive Collation of Large Textual Traditions.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 27.5-6 (1993): 401-420. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204565\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>\\\"Version 1.0 of Collate: A New Program for the Collation of Large Textual Traditions.\\\" Vicky A. Walsh, ed. <em>ACH Newsletter</em> 13.2 (1991): 6. Print.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-11-30 23:03:55','2014-07-21 17:52:40'),(1248,9,209,'<p>XTRACT was a tool for lexical collocation developed in the 1980s and early 1990s. More information on its development and functionality may be found in the following:</p> <p>Smadja, Frank. \\\"Retrieving Collocations from Text: XTRACT.\\\" <em>Computational Linguistics</em> 19.1 (1993): 143-177. <a href=\\\"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/J/J93/J93-1007.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Smadja, Frank. \\\"XTRACT: An Overview.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.5-6 (1992): 399-413. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204633\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-11-30 23:39:44','2013-06-18 20:54:50'),(1249,9,210,'<p>Concorder / Le Concordeur was available as early as 1992. More information is available on the Macintosh build in the following:</p> <p>Corre, Alan D. \\\"Technical Review: Concorder: Concordance Software for the Macintosh.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.5-6 (1992): 463-464. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204637\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Rand, David W. and Tatiana Patera. <em>Concorder: Concordance Software for the Macintosh, User\'s Manual: Version 1.1</em>. Montreal: Publications CRM, Universite de Montreal (1991). <a href=\\\"http://books.google.ca/books/about/Concorder_Concordance_Software_for_the_M.html?id=kpnNygAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 20:07:20','2013-06-18 20:52:44'),(1250,9,211,'<p>PC-Kimmo is a microprocessor implementation of the original KIMMO morphological parser. More information on its development and functionality may be found in the following:</p> <p>Antworth, Evan L. \\\"Glossing Text with the PC-KIMMO Morphological Parser.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>&nbsp;26.5-6 (1992): 389-398. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204457\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Hinkelman, Elizabeth and Mark Olsen. \\\"Technical Reviews: PC-Kimmo: A Computational Linguistic Tool for Humanities Applications.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.2 (1992): 157-168. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204632\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 20:36:58','2013-09-27 17:52:12'),(1251,17,132,'This tool is temporarily down.',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 21:28:24','2012-12-06 21:28:24'),(1252,17,133,'This tool is temporarily down.',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 21:28:44','2012-12-06 21:28:44'),(1253,17,134,'This tool is temporarily down.',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 21:29:00','2012-12-06 21:29:00'),(1254,17,135,'This tool is temporarily down.',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 21:29:15','2012-12-06 21:29:15'),(1255,17,136,'This tool is temporarily down.',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 21:29:28','2012-12-06 21:29:28'),(1256,17,137,'This tool is temporarily down.',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 21:29:45','2013-05-15 22:22:43'),(1257,17,137,'This tool is temporarily down.',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 21:29:45','2012-12-06 21:29:45'),(1258,17,138,'This tool is temporarily down.',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 21:29:59','2012-12-06 21:29:59'),(1259,9,212,'<p>URICA! II and its predecessor URICA! were historically important collation programs developed in the 1980s and early 1990s. More information on their development and functionality may be found in the following:</p> <p>Cannon, Robert L. and Oakman, Robert L. \\\"Interactive Collation on a Microcomputer: The URICA! Approach.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 23.6 (1989): 469-472. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200178\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Hilton, Michael L. \\\"The URICA! II Collation System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.2 (1992): 139-144. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204452\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 21:32:02','2013-06-18 20:44:45'),(1260,9,213,'<p>VINCI is an environment used to simulate language based on linguistic theory. More information on its development and functionality may be found here:</p> <p>Levison, Michael and Gregory Lessard. \\\"A System for Natural Language Sentence Generation.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.1 (1992): 43-58. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204437\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 22:30:16','2013-06-18 20:43:42'),(1261,9,214,'<p>Micro-OCP was an implementation of the original Oxford Concordance Program, available since 1981. More information on its development and utility may be found here:</p> <p>Jones, Randall L. \\\"Software Review: Micro-OCP.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 23.2 (1989): 131-135. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200151\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>More information about the Oxford Concordance Program as originally released may be found here:</p> <p>O\'Brien, Frank. \\\"Software Reviews: Oxford Concordance Program.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 20.2 (1986): 138-141. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200056\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-06 23:20:33','2014-03-13 17:45:50'),(1262,9,212,'More information on the development and applications of FINNMORF may be found here: ',1,0,0,'2012-12-07 03:15:24','2012-12-07 03:15:43'),(1263,9,215,'<p>More information on the development and applications of FINNMORF may be found here:</p> <p>Holman, Eugene. \\\"FINNMORF: A Computerized Reference Tool for Students of Finnish Morphology.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 22.3 (1988):165-172. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200118\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-07 03:15:51','2013-06-18 20:56:09'),(1264,9,216,'<p>More information on the development and applications of WordCruncher may be found here:</p> <p>Olsen, Mark. \\\"Software Review: Textbase for Humanities Applications: WordCruncher.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 21.4 (1987): 255-260. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30207396\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-07 03:36:23','2013-06-18 20:56:56'),(1265,9,217,'<p>More information on the early development and applications of the Donne Variorum Textual Collation Program may be found here:</p> <p>Stringer, Gary A. and William R. Vilberg. \\\"The Donne Variorum Textual Collation Program.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 21.2 (1987): 83-89. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200075\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-07 16:59:44','2013-06-18 20:57:39'),(1266,9,218,'<p>More information on the applications of CLOC may be found here:</p> <p>Burnard, L.D. \\\"Software Review: CLOC.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 14.4 (1980): 259-260. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404435\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-12 18:59:18','2013-06-18 21:17:55'),(1267,9,219,'<p>More information on the applications of WORDS may be found here:</p> <p>Cary, Charles D. \\\"Software Review: A User\'s View of WORDS.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 13.2 (1979): 129-30. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02404509\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Iker, Howard P. and Robert H. Klein. \\\"WORDS: A Computer System for the Analysis of Content.\\\" <em>Behavior Research Methods &amp; Instrumentation</em> 6.4 (1974): 430-438. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03200396\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-12 19:40:32','2013-06-18 21:15:14'),(1268,9,220,'<p>More information on the design and applications of KLIC may be found here:</p> <p>Logan, Harry M. \\\"KLIC: A Computer Aid to Graphological Analysis.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 12.1-2 (1978): 93-96. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199940\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-12 20:22:14','2013-06-18 21:13:21'),(1269,9,221,'<p>More information on the development and applications of LEXICO may be found here:</p> <p>Venezky, Richard L, Nathan Relles and Lynne Price. \\\"LEXICO: A System for Lexicographic Processing.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 11.3 (1977): 127-137. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199877\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-12 20:50:09','2013-06-18 21:11:51'),(1270,9,222,'<p>More information about the applications of COCOA is available here:</p> <p>Corcoran, Paul E. \\\"COCOA: A FORTRAN Program for Concordance and Word-count Processing of Natural Language Texts.\\\" <em>Behavior Research Methods &amp; Instrumentation</em> 6.6 (1974): 566. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03201351\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Day, Colin and Ian Marriott. \\\"Software Reviews: COCOA: A Word Count and Concordance Generator.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.1 (1976): 56. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02399143\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Russell, D. B. \\\"COCOA - A Word Count and Concordance Generator.\\\" <em>Associates Technology Literature Applications Society</em> (1965). <a href=\\\"http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/applications/cocoa/p001.htm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-12 21:43:45','2013-06-18 21:10:07'),(1271,9,223,'<p>More information about the development and application of SELECT, and its affiliation with WORDS, is available here:</p> <p>Iker, Howard P. \\\"SELECT: A Computer Program to Identify Associationally Rich Words for Content Analysis. I. Statistical Results.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>. 8.5-6 (1974): 313-319. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199711\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Iker, Howard P. \\\"SELECT: A Computer Program to Identify Associationally Rich Words for Content Analysis. II. Substantive Results.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>. 9.1 (1975): 3-12. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199732\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2012-12-13 21:25:28','2013-06-18 21:03:40'),(1272,17,224,'<p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Overview and Setup</span></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Meandre is a <strong>graphical programing language</strong> built on top of the <strong>Seasr</strong> infrastructure designed to facilitate the creations of processes that the creators describe as flows. A flow is a<strong> pipeline</strong> of modules that accepts some kind of data as input, processes this data through a series of defined steps, and produces some form of output. Running Meandre requires a webserver but is otherwise easy to setup. Simply run the supplied sh scripts to activate both the Seasr infrastructure and the Meandre workbench. The Modules need to be added manually. Directions to do so are available on the Meandre website.</p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Features</span></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Each step in the process comes in the form of a Meandre module. Each module represents some transformation of the original data. For example, one flow might as follows: input data, remove all capital letters, remove words in a stoplist, input into a word cloud, display word cloud. In this case, an arbitrary text is used as input and the output is a word cloud. Meandre is packaged with a default set of modules for several popular and powerful text analysis tools such as zotero and mallet, but also more primitive tools such as a date filter and a module that changes named locations into longitude and latitude pairs.</p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Meandre works on top of the Seasr infrastructure. Each Meandre flow can be activated and is automatically uploaded to the Seasr server that it is running on. Once active, any user can access this flow by accessing the server it is running on allowing them to input their own data into the flow.</p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Conclusion</span></p> <p class=\\\"Standard\\\">Meandre is best described as a <strong>platform for creating text analysis tools</strong>. Likewise, it is a visual programing language in the purest sense. Just like any other programing language there is a learning curve involved with using Meandre that some users might find challenging. However, Meandre offers its users the ability to create custom workflows and tie together other tools in a very systematic way.</p>',0,0,0,'2012-12-18 02:18:04','2018-10-26 00:58:30'),(1273,17,90,'<p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Overview and Setup</span></p> <p>Monk is an open source <strong>digital environment</strong> based around the Seasr analytics engine. Users can log into the Monk servers, access the Monk database, and pass select passages through a variety of Seasr flows. Monk is a web-based project and is accessible through any web browser via their website. Funding for the project ended in 2009 resulting in the programing behind sunset at the same time. No current work is being done on the project.</p> <p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Features</span></p> <p>The Monk project was primarily interested in<strong> creating a functional working environment</strong>. Likewise, Monk offers the user a streamlined process through which they can select text from the Monk corpus, select a tool or flow to operate on the chosen text, then save the results to their own personal profile for later viewing. Unfortunately, Monk does not give the user the option to upload their own text as the project experimented with <strong>building the texts into the platform itself</strong>. The user can choose between several different toolsets to apply to the chosen text as well as the ability to edit and save preferred toolsets. Unfortunately, many of these features are little more than a proof-of-concept and other more up to date tools easily outperform them. As well, many of the implemented features have not been updated to work with the latest versions of certain browsers, and the server no longer supports an important set of analysis tools.</p> <p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Conclusion</span></p> <p>For researchers interested in learning more about the development of tools themselves, Monk is a valuable asset as it represents and <strong>important experiment in interface and environment</strong>. Monk has inspired several other tools who have taken up and further explored the ideas that Monk created. Researchers interested in Monk should explore it as a working prototype, a living example of the thoughts and ideas that went into its creation. However, it probably won&rsquo;t find much use for the actual analysis of texts.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-01-08 22:40:11','2014-02-18 19:37:18'),(1274,9,93,'<p><strong>WordHoard</strong> is a <strong>free Java application</strong>, utilizing Northwestern University\'s Java Web Start plugin, for the <strong>study of large texts or transcribed speech</strong>. It enables the <strong>annotation</strong> or <strong>tagging</strong> of a text by applying morphological, lexical, prosodic and narrotological criteria, and can be applied either to the corpora built into the tool or to a user-provided text. Its functions also include concordance, word frequency, lemmatization and text comparison. It is designed to run on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux/UNIX systems alike, and includes an auto-update feature to ensure all users are running the most current version without the need for users to monitor for updates. Though it utilizes web content, the application runs from a cache stored on one\'s hard drive.</p> <p>On launch, WordHoard prompts users to choose from one of two WordHoard sites, each containing a different <strong>base corpus</strong>. The first, the Main Public Site, contains Early Greek Epics and the works of Shakespeare, Spenser and Chaucer and is open to all users. The second, the Early Modern English Drama Site, contains approximately 320 Early Modern English plays (including Shakespeare\'s plays), but is only available to institutions subscribing to the Text Creation Partnership (TCP). For users interested in these corpora, WordHoard offers rich <strong>metadata</strong> for each text in keeping with their canonical status, and this metadata can be leveraged in various ways by the tool to enhance users\' investigation of them. This metadata notably includes narratological and prosodic information, and metrical parsing of the Early Greek epics.</p> <p>WordHoard is <strong>easy to use</strong>, with well-labelled menus and options for investigating a text. This is well-supplemented by a clear, comprehensive <strong>user guide</strong>. The guide is indexed by topic and easily accessible from the main page, including install, troubleshooting and how to use each of its features. Of interest to advanced users, it also details such features as the application\'s built-in shortcuts and how to adjust WordHoard\'s look and feel to better suit UNIX users. <strong>Custom queries</strong> can also be saved for later use. New users can expect to begin meaningful analysis of a text within minutes of downloading the tool if they use the provided corpora.</p> <p>Using WordHoard with <strong>custom corpora</strong> may be <strong>challenging</strong> for some users. Users aiming to add their own texts will need to familiarize themselves with the application\'s directory structure and its raw data files before proceeding. Texts must be in <strong>XML format</strong> with UTF-8 encoding, and additions must be made to the application\'s raw data files in order for WordHoard to recognize and process the new corpora. <strong>Full instructions are included in the user guide.</strong></p> <p><strong>Linux/UNIX users</strong> will need to install a font suitable for displaying text in the Roman and Polytonic Greek alphabets to make the best use of the corpus provided (Windows and Mac OS X include suitable fonts already). The WordHoard development team recommends Gentium, and has provided a link for ease of access.</p> <p><strong>As a whole, WordHoard is a mature, well-designed text analysis tool, though users seeking to apply this tool to their own corpora may find it overly challenging</strong>. <strong>It is particularly recommended for users interested in Early Modern English and Greek texts.</strong> For users comfortable with the complex corpora addition process, it is also of high value to those seeking further insight into their own texts. However, users looking for a quick, easy way to delve into texts beyond the provided corpora should be advised that WordHoard may be inconveniently complex for their needs.</p>',0,0,0,'2013-01-09 20:39:25','2018-10-05 19:12:32'),(1275,9,116,'<p><strong>TextArc </strong>is a free Java applet combining <strong>visualization</strong> with elements of an <strong>index</strong>, <strong>concordance</strong> and <strong>summary</strong>. It is a <strong>simple and intuitive</strong> way to delve into a text, and <strong>includes a guide</strong> accompanied by screenshots. TextArc is unique amongst text analysis tools for the awards and recognition it has earned for the artistic merits of its text visualization.</p> <p>Though no longer under development, TextArc has been maintained online since 2002. It requires a 600 Mhz Pentium II or faster, running a minimum of Windows NT or Mac OS X, Java SE 6 or more recent, and a current web browser; as such, <strong>most modern computers will be able to run this tool with minimal difficulty though it can be slow and is processor-intensive</strong>.</p> <p><strong>TextArc offers a simple, clever way to examine a text.</strong> It takes a text, located by the user in the tool\'s provided Project Gutenberg search, and <strong>generates a circular representation in which the entirety of the text is arranged in sequence around the exterior</strong>. Each word in the text also appears in the centre of the visualization, its location determined by its frequency and at what points it shows up in the text. Other texts cannot be used with TextArc at this time.</p> <p>The most common words will appear in the centre and less common drawn toward the part of the edge it appears most frequently. Words are also brighter or darker accordingly. Hovering over a word reveals lines connecting that word to each place it appears along the arc or a looping line connecting words in the order they appear in the text. TextArc also includes concordance and association list functions. For a dynamic view of the text, users can run the Read function, which highlights each word in sequence to show where it appears in relation to other words and its distribution through the text all in one smooth animation.</p> <p>Though this tool stands up well even a decade later, <strong>texts larger than a short novel</strong>, such as the example texts <em>Alice in Wonderland</em> and <em>Hamlet</em>, will <strong>slow down the tool</strong> dramatically and can even <strong>cause it to crash</strong> on the Read function. When used on a laptop, the strain TextArc puts on the processor can cause the computer to rapidly overheat; reviewing its functions required several pauses to allow heat to dissipate. As such, <strong>TextArc is best run on a desktop computer</strong>.</p> <p><strong>TextArc is recommended as a way to gain simple insights into a text quickly and attractively without getting bogged down in statistical data from the start</strong>. It offers a means of intuitively delving into word choice and distribution particularly useful as a prelude to applying more complex or comprehensive tools to the text. It would be additionally useful as a didactic tool in the classroom, for example to show how characters and thematically loaded words come and go over the course of a work of fiction. <strong>Though minimalist in its functions, TextArc remains useful and attractive. It has earned a place as historically important tool for both its text analysis capabilities and its contributions to text visualization.</strong></p>',1,0,0,'2013-01-09 23:01:25','2013-01-09 23:02:03'),(1276,9,102,'<p><strong>SIMILE Widgets: Timeline is a free, open source tool for creating interactive timelines utilizing HTML, XML and JavaScript.</strong> SIMILE Widgets maintains a comprehensive Wiki-based <strong>user guide</strong> including numerous example timelines, and the full source code is available for download.</p> <p>Creating a timeline requires a <strong>basic knowledge of HTML and JavaScript</strong>. All timelines are <strong>created in a plain-text document</strong> rather than in an application. SIMILE Widgets recommends using a text editor suitable for coding, or an HTML editor. <strong>SIMILE Widgets provides code</strong> that can be copied and pasted to start a new timeline in the Getting Started section of their wiki, including a Document Type Definition and link to Timeline\'s JavaScript API code. The same section also provides all HTML elements and Java scripts required to populate the timeline. All tutorials for Timeline features, here and in other parts of the wiki, contain <strong>example code and detailed explanations</strong>.</p> <p>The timeline defaults to two horizontal bands, the top representing months and the bottom years, with events superimposed upon them. Users can add or remove bands as needed. <strong>Events are loaded into the timeline from a separate XML, JSON or SPARCL file.</strong> Individual events can take one of three forms, allowing users to distinguish between durations, instantaneous events with an imprecise start point, and instantaneous events with a precise start point. For timelines with many events on the same day, an hour-by-hour \'hot zone\' addition can be made, allowing finer granularity without sacrificing clarity. Users can <strong>customize</strong> most presentational details, such as the colours, icons, captions and overarching theme, including adjusting the timeline\'s CSS to add a background images, change the font characteristics and so on.</p> <p><strong>SIMILE Widgets: Timeline can easily accommodate timeline projects as large as several hundred events spanning thousands of years</strong>; the project has provided an <a href=\\\"http://www.simile-widgets.org/timeline/examples/religions/religions.html\\\">example timeline</a> of this size comparing Jewish and Christian religious history from 1AD to the present to show the tool\'s behavior and potential when handling such large datasets. Individual <strong>timelines must be embedded into a web page</strong> for viewing, with the source files hosted by the user. Control over the timeline\'s information and files remain with the user.</p> <p><strong>As a whole, SIMILE Widgets: Timeline is recommended as a versatile and scalable approach to timeline creation, though users unfamiliar with HTML, XML or JavaScript may find it challenging.</strong> However, those users willing to learn the coding required will find it well-documented and rewarding.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-01-14 20:08:10','2013-01-14 20:08:52'),(1277,9,231,'<p>TACTweb 1.0 is a historically important web implementation of TACT, and some additional information about it is available on the web.</p> <p>Two implementations are available for exploration via the University of Toronto\'s CHASS TACTweb Server and may be accessed <a href=\\\"http://tactweb.chass.utoronto.ca/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">here</a>.</p> <p>Bradley, John and Geoffrey Rockwell. \\\"TACTweb: Argument and Evidence on the Internet.\\\" <em>Presented at the ACH/ALLC Conference 1995 (Santa Barbara)</em>. May 1996. <a href=\\\"http://staff.cch.kcl.ac.uk/~jbradley/docs/santaBarbara/tactweb.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Wooldridge, Russon. \\\"TACT et TACTweb.\\\" 2003. <a href=\\\"http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/astrolabe/articles/art0039/Tact.htm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Wolldridge, Russon and &Eacute;milie Devriendt. \\\"TACT et TACTweb, logiciels de recherche de donn&eacute;es textuelles structur&eacute;es.\\\" <em>Maison des sciences de l&rsquo;homme et de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, Poitiers, le 5 mai 2001</em>. <a href=\\\"http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~wulfric/articles2/poitiers2001/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-01-29 18:32:33','2013-03-07 00:26:26'),(1278,9,230,'<p style=\\\"text-align: left;\\\">For more information on FRANTEXT\'s powerful Stella search engine, please see the following publications.</p> <p style=\\\"line-height: 100%; text-align: left;\\\" align=\\\"center\\\">Bernard, Pascale, Josette Lecomte, Jacques Dendien and Jean-Marie Pierrel. \\\"Computerized linguistic resources of the research laboratory ATILF for lexical and textual analysis: Frantext, TLFI, and the software Stella.\\\" <em>LREC 2002 Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain</em> (29 - 31 May 2002). <a href=\\\"http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/pdf/26.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p style=\\\"line-height: 100%; text-align: left;\\\" align=\\\"center\\\">Brunet, &Eacute;. \\\"L\'Exploitation des Grands Corpus: Le Bestiare de la Litt&eacute;rature Fran&ccedil;aise.\\\" <em>Literary and Linguistic Computing</em> 4.2 (1989): 121-134. <a href=\\\"http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/2/121\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.<strong></strong></p>',1,0,0,'2013-01-30 16:59:46','2013-01-30 17:08:07'),(1279,9,237,'<p>GRIPHOS was a foundational part of the Museum Computer Network, and is still discussed today. More information is available in the following resources:</p> <p>Heller, Jack, and Fullerton. Div. of Library Science. California State Univ. \\\"On Logical Data Organization, Card Catalogs, And The GRIPHOS Management Information System. Museum Data Bank Research Report No. 3.\\\" (1974): <em>ERIC</em>. Print.</p> <p>Johnston, Leslie. \\\"Before You Were Born...Museums had Networks.\\\" <em>The Signal: Digital Preservation</em>. 9 Nov. 2012. <a href=\\\"http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2012/11/before-you-were-born-museums-had-networks/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Misunas, Marla and Richard Urban. \\\"A Brief History of the Museum Computer Network.\\\" <em>Museum Computer Network</em>. <a href=\\\"http://www.mcn.edu/brief-history\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Urban, Richard. \\\"Happy Birthday Museum Computer Network!\\\" <em>Musematic</em>. 9 Jul. 2007. <a href=\\\"http://musematic.net/2007/07/09/happy-birthday-museum-computer-network/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Vance, David. <em>Manual for Museum Computer Network GRIPHOS Application</em>. Stony Brook, NY: Museum Computer Network, Inc., 1976. Print.</p> <p>Vance, David, and Stony Brook, NY. Museum Computer Network, Inc. \\\"Museum Computer Network, Inc.\\\" (1975): <em>ERIC</em>. Print.</p> <p>Williams, David. \\\"A Brief History of Museum Computerization.\\\" <em>Museums in a Digital Age</em>. Ed. Ross Parry. New York: Routledge, 2010. 15-21. Print.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-02-04 18:01:38','2014-05-29 15:52:21'),(1280,17,238,'<p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Overview and Setup</span></p> <p>R is a free open source programing language and statistical environment maintained by the GNU. R contains powerful libraries for parallel computing and is especially adept at computing on large data sets. The R website maintains and distributes the necessary files to install on all major operating systems. The R executable itself operates inside a command line environment; however, an optional and separate program Rstudio can provide a graphical development environment.</p> <p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Features</span></p> <p>R was not originally designed for textual analysis, and it abilities go beyond the direct needs of the average text analysis researcher. However, R&rsquo;s vector data type, its ability to work on several data sources simultaneously, and its built-in visualization tools make graphing data exceptionally easy. With some coaxing R provides an ideal environment for large-scale data processing and analysis. R provides all tools necessary for splitting and combining texts, yet prior knowledge of regular expressions is mandatory in order to get the most out of these options. The R language vector data structure scales easily between small and large data sets. R also includes one command graph generation for all common graph and data types.</p> <p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Conclusion</span></p> <p>R is a programing language, yet it does several things differently then most conventional scripting languages. R does not rely heavily on control structures, which makes it easier for someone not familiar with recursive programing to learn. Anyone with a solid understanding of flows and tokenization should be able to pick up the programing style easily. However, R is a tool far bigger then text analysis; its features may cause some confusion for the self-learning especially those not immediately familiar with statistical concepts. R is an excellent tool for large and long-term research projects as well as toying around with smaller data sets. An excellent introduction to R targeted at humanist scholars can be found in the book &lsquo;Quantitative Corpus Linguistics with R,&rsquo; by Stefan Th. Gries. (Link below) While more experience programmers might want to look at the official R tutorial on the R website.</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://www.amazon.ca/Quantitative-Corpus-Linguistics-Practical-Introduction/dp/0415962706%20\\\">http://www.amazon.ca/Quantitative-Corpus-Linguistics-Practical-Introduction/dp/0415962706 </a></p> <p><a href=\\\"http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.html\\\">http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.html</a></p>',1,0,0,'2013-02-22 01:31:03','2013-06-07 20:30:33'),(1281,9,245,'<p>This tool was first described in Charles O. Hartman\'s book:</p> <p>Hartman, C. O. <em>Virtual Muse: Experiments in Computer Poetry</em>. Hanover and London: Wesleyan University Press (1996).</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-13 17:28:56','2013-08-07 17:51:13'),(1282,9,246,'<p>This tool was first described in Charles O. Hartman\'s book:</p> <p>Hartman, C. O. <em>Virtual Muse: Experiments in Computer Poetry</em>. Hanover and London: Wesleyan University Press (1996).</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-13 17:34:14','2013-08-07 17:50:26'),(1283,9,266,'<p>More information on TEXTPACK V and its use is available in the following:<br /><br />Alexa, Melina and Cornelia Zuell. \\\"Commonalities, differences and limitations of text analysis Software: The results of a review.\\\" <em>Zuma - Arbeitsbericht</em> (Jun. 1999). <a href=\\\"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/abstracts/10192140/text-analysis-software-commonalities-difference-limitations-results-review\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Olsen, Mark. \\\"Software Review: TEXTPACK V: Text Analysis Utilities for the Personal Computer.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 23.2 (1989):155-160. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200155\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-23 21:46:16','2013-06-18 21:41:03'),(1284,9,267,'<p>More information on the INRAC Language Compiler and its use is available in the following article:</p> <p>Olsen, Mark. \\\"Software Review: Talking Back: The INRAC Language Compiler.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 23.2 (1989):161-167. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200156\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-23 21:53:59','2013-06-18 21:38:22'),(1285,9,268,'<p>More information on Parser 1.0 and its use is available in the following article:</p> <p>Francis, Alexander L. \\\"Technical Review: Parser 1.0: An Elementary Parsing Program for the DOS Environment.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 27.5-6 (1993): 406-409. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204567\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-23 22:00:58','2013-06-18 21:37:06'),(1286,9,250,'<p>More information on the General Inquirer and its use is available in the following:</p> <p>Dengler, Ralph. \\\"A General Inquirer Analysis of Sixteenth Century and Contemporary Catechisms.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanitie</em>s 8.1 (1974): 5-19. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402453\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Kadushin, Charles, Joseph Lovett and James D. Merriman. \\\"Literary Analysis with the Aid of the Computer.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 2.4 (1968): 177-202. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402487\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Psathas, George. \\\"The General Inquirer: Useful or Not?\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 3.3 (1969): 163-174. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02401609\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Rice, Sandra. \\\"Software Review: INQUIRER III (Edinburgh Edition) A Computer Based System for Content Analysis.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.6 (1976): 332. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402556\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Stone, Philip J., Dexter C. Dunphy, Marshall S. Smith and Daniel M. Ogilvie. <em>The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis</em>. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 20:05:16','2014-07-16 18:56:14'),(1287,9,269,'<p>More information on FANGORN, its use and its development is available in the following article:</p> <p>Anderson, Peter B&oslash;gh. \\\"FANGORN: A Special-Purpose Language for the Humanities.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.4 (1981): 227-242. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204310\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 20:18:17','2014-01-14 19:03:58'),(1288,9,270,'<p>More information on STASEL, its use and development is available in an article by two of the developers:</p> <p>Payette, Julie and Graeme Hirst. \\\"An Intelligent Computer-Assistant for Stylistic Instruction.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.2 (1992): 87-102. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204449\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 20:30:51','2013-06-18 21:46:13'),(1289,9,271,'<p>More information on the Morfogen, Morffile/Morfword and Inflword package, and its use, is available in the following articles:</p> <p>Kyunghwan, Kim. \\\"Technical Review: Morfogen, Morffile/Morfword, Inflword, Version 2.0.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 27.2 (1993): 133-135. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204485\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>\\\"Morfogen: A Morphological Analysis and Dictionary Interface Tool.\\\" Vicky A. Walsh, ed. <em>ACH Newsletter</em> 13.2 (1991): 8. Print.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 20:52:42','2014-07-21 17:54:24'),(1290,9,272,'<p>More information on E-Parser, its use and its development is available in the following article:</p> <p>Nordgard, Torbjorn. \\\"E-Parser: An Implementation of a Deterministic GB-Related Parsing System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 28.4-5 (1995): 259-272. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204593\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 21:12:19','2013-06-18 21:44:38'),(1291,9,273,'<p>More information on ESTMORF, its use and development is available in the following article:</p> <p>Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan. \\\"An Estonian Morphological Analyser and the Impact of a Corpus on Its Development.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 31.2 (1997): 115-133. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204774\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 21:21:44','2013-06-18 21:43:55'),(1292,9,274,'<p>More information on the NITE XML Toolkit, its use and development is available in the following article:</p> <p>Carletta, Jean, Stefan Evert, Ulrich Heid and Jonathan Kilgour. \\\"The NITE XML Toolkit: data model and query language.\\\" <em>Language Resources and Evaluation</em> 39.4 (2006): 313-334. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10579-006-9001-9\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 21:41:00','2013-06-18 21:42:43'),(1293,9,275,'<p>More information on PL/I and its applications within the humanities are available in the following articles:</p> <p>Heller, Jack and George W. Logemann. \\\"PL/I: A Programming Language for Humanities Research.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 1.2 (1966): 19-27. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199201\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Joyce, James. \\\"Extension to PL/I For Natural-Language Processing.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 6.5 (1972): 271-276. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199499\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Raskin, Jeffrey S. \\\"Programming Languages for the Humanities.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.3 (1971): 155-158. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Sowa, Cora Angier and John F. Sowa. \\\"Thought Clusters in Early Greek Oral Poetry.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 8.3 (1974): 131-146. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402131\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p><span>Wachal, Robert S. \\\"The Machine in the Garden: Computers and literary scholarship, 1970.\\\"<em> Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.1 (1970): 23-28. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404254\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></p> <p><span>\\\"Computing in the Humanities Course.\\\" Walsh, Vicky A. (ed.). <em>ACH Newsletter</em> 5.3 (1983): 3. Print.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>The following describe tools for humanistic research built in PL/I:</p> <p>Borden, George A. and James J. Watts. \\\"A Computerized Language Analysis System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.3 (1971): 129-141. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402175\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Rice, Sandra. \\\"Software Review: INQUIRER III (Edinburgh Edition) A Computer Based System for Content Analysis.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.6 (1976): 332. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402556\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Smith, John B. \\\"RATS: A Middle-Level Text Utility System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 6.5 (1972): 277-283. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199500\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 22:01:23','2014-07-21 17:07:15'),(1294,9,276,'<p>More information on SNAP and its use is available in the following article:</p> <p>Barnett, Michael P. \\\"SNAP - A Programming Language for Humanists.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 4.4 (1969): 225-240. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199362\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Housden, Richard J.W. \\\"Further Thoughts on SNAP.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 7.6 (1973): 407-412. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199600\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p><span>Raskin, Jeffrey S. \\\"Programming Languages for the Humanities.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.3 (1971): 155-158. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></p> <p><span><span>Wachal, Robert S. \\\"The Machine in the Garden: Computers and literary scholarship, 1970.\\\"<em> Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.1 (1970): 23-28. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404254\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></span></p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 22:08:10','2014-07-17 18:35:45'),(1295,9,277,'<p>More information on SOLAR is available in the following article:</p> <p>Diller, Timothy and John Olney. \\\"SOLAR (A Semantically-Oriented Lexical Archive): Current Status and Plans.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 8.4-5 (1974): 301-311. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199709\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-24 22:12:52','2014-01-08 20:12:58'),(1296,9,278,'<p>More information on OPCOL, its development and its use is available in the following article:</p> <p>Cannon Jr., Robert L. \\\"OPCOL: an Optimal Text Collation Algorithm.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.1 (1976): 33-40. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204218\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-27 21:39:48','2013-06-18 22:02:55'),(1297,9,279,'<p>More information on FISHER and its use is available in the following article:</p> <p>Allwright, Christine. \\\"Software Review: FISHER: A String-Handling Package.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.5 (1976): 297-298. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02420064.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-27 21:53:56','2014-01-13 18:34:07'),(1298,9,280,'<p>More information on Icon, its use and its relation to ProIcon is available in the following articles:</p> <p>Corre, Alan D. \\\"Technical Reviews: ProIcon.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 24.4 (1990): 301-303. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00123417\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Griswold, Ralph E. and Madge T. Griswold. \\\"History of the Icon Programming Language.\\\" <em>History of Programming Languages---II.</em> Ed. Thomas J. Bergin, Jr. and Richard G. Gibson, Jr. New York: ACM, 1996. 599-624. <a href=\\\"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1057830\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.&nbsp;</p> <p>Olson, Mark. \\\"Beyond SNOBOL: The Icon Programming Language.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 27.1 (1987): 61-66. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200067\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Olson, Mark. \\\"Icon Version 7 Reviewed.\\\" <em>ACH Newsletter</em> 10.2 (1988): 5. Print.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-27 22:02:48','2014-07-21 17:42:51'),(1299,9,281,'<p>More information on REDUX, its development and its use is available in the following article:</p> <p>Abramson, Robert. \\\"REDUX: A System for the Reduction of Cases.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 30.1 (1996): 29-75. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204516\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-27 22:15:23','2013-06-18 22:06:06'),(1300,9,282,'<p>More information on the Linear Modelling Kit, its development and its use is available in the following article:</p> <p>Havholm, Peter and Larry Stewart. \\\"Computer Modelling and Critical Theory.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 30.2 (1996): 107-115. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200376\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-27 22:28:19','2013-06-18 22:04:39'),(1301,9,283,'<p>More information on REDUX, its development, its history and its use is available in the following article:</p> <p>Allen, John Robin. \\\"Ten Desiderata for Computer-Assisted Language Learning Programs: The Example of ELSE.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 30.6 (1997): 441-455. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204668\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-27 22:41:20','2013-06-18 22:03:51'),(1302,9,284,'<p>More information on Collocate is available in the following article:</p> <p>Sinclair, John, Oliver Mason, Jackie Ball and Geoff Barnbrook. \\\"Language Independent Statistical Software for Corpus Exploration.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 31.3 (1998): 229-255. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200425\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-27 22:48:30','2013-06-18 22:08:56'),(1303,9,285,'<p>More information on Typical is available in the following article:</p> <p>Sinclair, John, Oliver Mason, Jackie Ball and Geoff Barnbrook. \\\"Language Independent Statistical Software for Corpus Exploration.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 31.3 (1998): 229-255. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200425\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-27 22:52:36','2013-06-18 22:09:30'),(1304,9,286,'<p>More information on TATOE is available in the following:</p> <p>Alexa, Melina and Cornelia Zuell. \\\"Commonalities, differences and limitations of text analysis Software: The results of a review.\\\" <em>Zuma - Arbeitsbericht</em> (Jun. 1999). <a href=\\\"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/abstracts/10192140/text-analysis-software-commonalities-difference-limitations-results-review\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Rosek, R. and M. Alexa. \\\"Marking up in TATOE and exporting to SGML: Rule development for identifying NITF categories.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 31.4 (1998): 313-326. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200434\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-27 23:05:13','2013-06-18 22:10:46'),(1305,9,287,'<p>More information on SENSE, its development and its application is available in the following article:</p> <p>Federici, Stefano, Simonetta Montemagni and Vito Pirrelli. \\\"ROMANSEVAL: Results for Italian by SENSE.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 34.1-2 (2000): 199-204. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204809\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-05-30 20:20:41','2013-06-18 22:11:52'),(1306,9,289,'<p>More information on ARRAS is available through its user manual and overview documentation:</p> <p>Smith, John B. <em>Arras User\'s Manual</em>. TextLab: The University of Carolina at Chapel Hill (1984). <a href=\\\"http://www.cs.unc.edu/techreports/85-036.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Smith, John B., Stephen F. Weiss and Gordon J. Ferguson. <em>MICROARRAS: An Overview</em>. Chapel Hill: TextLab, The University of Carolina at Chapel Hill (1986). <a href=\\\"http://www.cs.unc.edu/techreports/86-017.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>This tool is also explored in the following articles:</p> <p>Lancashire, Ian. \\\"Concordance Programs for Literary Analysis.\\\" <em>SIGCUE Outlook</em> 19.112 (Spring/Summer 1986): 54-61. <a href=\\\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/951656.951663\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Smith, John B. \\\"A New Environment for Literary Analysis.\\\" <em>Perspectives in Computing</em> 4.2/3 (1984): 20.31.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>More information on ARRAS\' relationship to TACT is available in:</p> <p>Centre for Computing in the Humanities. <em>Tools for Humanists, 1989: Software &amp; Hardware: Fair Guide</em>. Toronto: Centre for Computing in the Humanities, University of Toronto (1989).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-03 17:07:49','2013-06-18 22:21:27'),(1307,9,290,'<p>More information about the DM is available in the following article:</p> <p>Foys, Martin and Shannon Bradshaw. \\\"Developing Digital Mappaemundi: An Agile Mode for Annotating Medieval Maps.\\\" <em>Digital Medievalist</em> 7 (2011). <a href=\\\"http://www.digitalmedievalist.org/journal/7/foys/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-04 17:30:55','2013-06-18 22:22:46'),(1308,9,291,'<p>More information about Domeo is available via the following publications:</p> <p>Ciccarese P, Ocana M, Clark, T. \\\"Open semantic annotation of scientific publications using DOMEO.\\\" <em>Biomed Semantics</em> 2012 Apr 24;3 (Suppl 1):S1. <a href=\\\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F2041-1480-3-S1-S1\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Ciccarese P, Ocana M, Castro LJG, Das S, Clark, T. \\\"An Open Annotation Ontology for Science on Web 3.0\\\". J <em>Biomed Semantics</em> 2011, 2 (Suppl 2):S4 (17 May 2011). <a href=\\\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F2041-1480-2-S2-S4\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Ciccarese P, Ocana M, Clark, T. \\\"DOMEO: a web-based tool for semantic annotation of online documents.\\\"&nbsp; <em>Bio-Ontologies</em> 2011, Vienna, Austria. <a href=\\\"http://bio-ontologies.knowledgeblog.org/297\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Clark T, Ciccarese P, Attwood T, de Waard A and Pettifer S. \\\"A Round-Trip to the Annotation Store: Open, Transferable Semantic Annotation of Biomedical Publications.\\\" <em>Beyond the PDF</em> (workshop, January 19-21, 2011 University of California San Diego. <a href=\\\"https://sites.google.com/site/beyondthepdf/workshop-papers/clarkciccaresedewaardpettifer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Ciccarese P, Ocana M, Das S, Clark T. \\\"AO: An Open Annotation Ontology for Science on the Web.\\\" <em>Bio-ontologies</em> 2010, Boston, USA. <a href=\\\"http://www.w3.org/wiki/images/c/c4/AO_paper_Bio-Ontologies_2010_preprint.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',0,0,0,'2013-06-04 17:50:47','2018-10-05 20:05:45'),(1309,9,293,'<p>This application debuted at the DHSI Colloquium, University of Victoria, June 2012.</p> <p>O&rsquo;Sullivan, James. &ldquo;Digitally Annotating the Bibliographic Code.&rdquo; <em>DHSI Colloquium</em>, University of Victoria, British Columbia, 5 Jun 2012.</p>',0,0,0,'2013-06-04 18:32:12','2018-10-05 20:10:02'),(1310,9,294,'<p>This workbench environment is a collaborative effort with participating institutes in Australia, Canada and the United States. According to the AustESE homepage, the following institutions have contributed to the AustESE project:</p> <ul> <li>The University of Queensland</li> <li>University of NSW</li> <li>Curtin University</li> <li>University of Sydney</li> <li>Queensland University of Technology</li> <li>Loyola University, Chicago</li> <li>University of Saskatchewan</li> </ul> <p>AustESE project management is based out of the ITEE eResearch Group at The University of Queensland.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-04 19:48:52','2013-06-04 19:50:54'),(1311,9,229,'<p>More information on GATE and its development is available in the following article:</p> <p>Cunningham, Hamish. \\\"GATE, a General Architecture for Text Engineering.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 36.7 (2002): 223-254. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204529\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-07 18:46:10','2013-06-18 21:23:13'),(1312,9,24,'<p>More information on the Orlando Project and the Degrees of Separation tool is available in the following article:</p> <p>Brown, Susan, Stan Ruecker, Milena Radzikowska, Matt Patey, Stefan Sinclair, Jeffrey Antoniuk, Sharon Farnel and Isobel Grundy. \\\"Visualizing Varieties of Association in Orlando.\\\" <em>JDHCS</em> 1.1 (2009): 1-5. <a href=\\\"https://letterpress.uchicago.edu/index.php/jdhcs/article/view/7\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-07 20:00:38','2013-06-18 19:24:05'),(1313,9,238,'<p>More information on R and an introduction to the statistics it employs is available in:</p> <p>Bayaan, R.H. <em>Analyzing Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics</em>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-07 20:30:22','2013-06-07 20:30:53'),(1314,9,4,'<p>More information on Wordle is available in the book <em>Beautiful Visualization</em>:</p> <p>Feinberg, Jonathan. \\\"Chapter Three: Wordle.\\\" <em>Beautiful Visualization: Looking at Data Through the Eyes of Experts</em>. Ed. Julie Steele and Noah Iliinsky. Sebastapol: O\'Reilly Media (2010).</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-07 21:23:19','2015-01-19 23:06:00'),(1315,9,119,'<p>More information on WordSmith is available in the following article:</p> <p>Sardinha, A.P. Berber. \\\"Review: WordSmith Tools.\\\" <em>Computers &amp; Texts</em> 12.19 (1996). <a href=\\\"http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ctitext2/publish/comtxt/ct12/sardinha.html\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-07 21:33:27','2013-06-07 21:34:12'),(1316,9,90,'<p>More information on MONK is available in the following articles:</p> <p>Harriett E. Greene. \\\"Under the Workbench: An analysis of the use and preservation of MONK text mining research software.\\\" Literary and Linguistic Computing 28.1 (2013). <a href=\\\"http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/04/08/llc.fqt014.abstract\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Unsworth, John and Martin Mueller. \\\"The MONK Project Final Report.\\\" <em>The MONK Project</em>. 2 Sept. 2009. <a href=\\\"http://www.monkproject.org/MONKProjectFinalReport.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Xiang, Xin and John Unsworth. \\\"Connecting Text Mining and Natural Language Processing in a Humanistic Context.\\\" <em>Proceedings of Digital Humanities 2006</em>. la Sorbonne, Paris, France, July 5-9, 2006: 234-236. <a href=\\\"http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/~furuta/689dh/dh06readings/DH06-234-236.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-07 21:47:42','2013-06-18 19:28:05'),(1317,9,161,'<p>More information about this tool can be found in the following paper:</p> <p>Ramsay, Stephen. \\\"Prison Art.\\\" <em>Digging Into Data Conference</em>, June 2011. <a href=\\\"http://stephenramsay.us/text/2011/06/10/prison-art/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-10 19:50:04','2013-06-10 19:50:44'),(1318,9,184,'<p>More information about ATLAS.ti is available in the following:</p> <p>Alexa, Melina and Cornelia Zuell. \\\"Commonalities, differences and limitations of text analysis Software: The results of a review.\\\" <em>Zuma - Arbeitsbericht</em> (Jun. 1999). <a href=\\\"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/abstracts/10192140/text-analysis-software-commonalities-difference-limitations-results-review\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-11 20:29:20','2013-06-18 19:58:21'),(1319,9,188,'<p>More information about Diction is available in the following:</p> <p>Alexa, Melina and Cornelia Zuell. \\\"Commonalities, differences and limitations of text analysis Software: The results of a review.\\\" <em>Zuma - Arbeitsbericht</em> (Jun. 1999). <a href=\\\"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/abstracts/10192140/text-analysis-software-commonalities-difference-limitations-results-review\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-11 20:30:21','2013-06-18 20:05:36'),(1320,9,256,'<p>More information about WordStat is available in the following:</p> <p>Alexa, Melina and Cornelia Zuell. \\\"Commonalities, differences and limitations of text analysis Software: The results of a review.\\\" <em>Zuma - Arbeitsbericht</em> (Jun. 1999). <a href=\\\"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/abstracts/10192140/text-analysis-software-commonalities-difference-limitations-results-review\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-11 20:32:21','2013-06-18 21:35:35'),(1321,9,316,'<p>More information on HyperPo is available in the following articles:</p> <p>Sinclair, St&eacute;fan. \\\"L\'HyperPo: Exploration des structures lexicales &agrave; l\'aide des formes hypertextuelles.\\\" <em>ACH-ALLC \'97 Conference Abstracts</em>, Greg Lessard and Michael Levison (ed.). Kingston, ON: Queen\'s University Press, 1997. <a href=\\\"http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/astrolabe/articles/art0021.htm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Sinclair, Stefan. \\\"HyperPo: The Next Generation.\\\"&nbsp;<em>ACH-ALLC&rsquo;99 Conference Proceedings</em>, 1999: 82-84. <a href=\\\"http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/ach-allc.99/proceedings/sinclair.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-14 17:01:33','2013-06-18 22:32:47'),(1322,9,317,'<p>The developers on the PRORA series of programs:</p> <p>Glickman, Robert Jay. \\\"An Integrated Series of Computer Programs for Literary Research.<em>\\\" MLA, Conference 16</em>, 27 Dec. 1965.</p> <p>Glickman, Robert Jay and Gerrit Joseph Staalman. <em>Manual for the Printing of Literary Texts and Concordances by Computer: Preliminary Edition</em>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Additional perspectives on PRORA and its applications:</p> <p>Lieberman, David. \\\"Reviews.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 1.1 (1966): 12. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00188014\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Burton, Dolores M. \\\"Automated Concordances and Word Indexes: The Process, The Programs, and the Products.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.3 (1981): 139-154. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02404180.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-14 17:22:03','2013-12-19 23:58:40'),(1323,9,318,'<p>More information on SCAN and its use within the humanities can be found in the following:</p> <p>Brown, P.J. \\\"SCAN: A Simple Conversational Programming Language for Text Analysis.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 6.4 (1972): 223-227. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204035\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Brown, P.J. <em>SCAN - A Sub-System for Document Searching</em>. Computing Laboratory, University of Kent at Canterbury, 1971. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02404273\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-14 19:43:40','2013-06-18 22:35:21'),(1324,9,319,'<p>More information on CLAS, its development and its application is available in the following articles:</p> <p>Borden, George A. and James J. Watts. \\\"A Computerized Language Analysis System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.3 (1971): 129-141. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199396\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Waltman, Franklin M. \\\"C.L.A.S. and the Cantar de Mio Cid.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.3 (1976): 145-152. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/i30204250\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-14 20:00:21','2013-06-18 22:37:35'),(1325,9,320,'<p>More information about SATO is available in the following guide:</p> <p>Bertrand-Gastaldy, Suzanne and Paul Marchand. \\\"Le Logiciel SATO.\\\" Encyclop&eacute;die de la recherche litt&eacute;raire assist&eacute;e par ordinateur. <a href=\\\"http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/astrolabe/articles/art0019.htm/Sato1.htm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-06-19 20:06:28','2013-06-19 20:07:05'),(1326,21,4,'',0,1,0,'2013-07-17 21:27:30','2018-10-17 02:10:03'),(1327,23,1,'<p>Test comment posted with an image of <a href=\\\"system/images/9/original/clifford.png?1374161699%20\\\">clifford</a>, submitted after migrating the site to a new server.</p> <p><img src=\\\"../../system/images/9/original/clifford.png?1374161699%20\\\" alt=\\\"Here is an image of Clifford!\\\" width=\\\"320\\\" height=\\\"274\\\" /></p>',1,0,0,'2013-07-18 15:36:47','2013-07-18 15:37:55'),(1328,25,4,'<p><strong>Testing comment</strong></p>',1,1,0,'2013-07-24 15:42:46','2018-10-17 02:10:03'),(1329,25,4,'<p><strong></strong></p>',0,1,0,'2013-07-24 15:43:06','2018-10-17 02:10:30'),(1330,9,201,'<p>For more information on the capabilities and use of TUSTEP, please see the 2013 edition of the official handbook:</p> <p>Zentrum f&uuml;r Datenverarbeitung, Universit&auml;t T&uuml;bingen. \\\"TUSTEP: T&uuml;binger System von Textverarbeitungs-Programmen: Version 2013: Handbuch und Referenz\\\". <a href=\\\"http://www.tustep.uni-tuebingen.de/pdf/handbuch.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>More general information is available in the following:</p> <p>Ott, Wilhelm. \\\"Modularity, Professionality, Integration: A Concept Revisited.\\\" <em>ALLC-ACH \'92, Conference Abstracts and Programme</em>. Oxford: Christ Church (1992): 197-199. <a href=\\\"http://www.tustep.uni-tuebingen.de/tustep_ox92.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Ott, Wilhelm. \\\"TUSTEP is open source - with TXSTEP providing a new XML interface\\\". <em>Humanist Discussion List</em>, 9 Jul. 2012. <a href=\\\"http://list.indology.info/pipermail/indology_list.indology.info/2012-July/036884.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-08-20 18:52:43','2013-08-20 19:18:45'),(1331,9,194,'<p>A bibliography of resources including publications on TXM is available here:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://textometrie.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?rubrique99&amp;lang=fr\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">http://textometrie.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?rubrique99&amp;lang=fr</a></p>',1,0,0,'2013-08-20 19:52:19','2013-08-20 19:52:54'),(1332,45,232,'<p>Flemm v3.1 provides inflected and POS tagged forms with their corresponding uninflected lemma, as well as the description of their inflectional features, within the Multext format.</p> <p>Fiammetta Namer : https://sites.google.com/site/fiammettanamer/</p>',1,0,0,'2013-08-29 15:18:26','2013-08-29 15:47:15'),(1333,45,235,'<p>D&eacute;riF is not a lemmatizer, but a rule-based morphosemantic analyser for French, i.e. it provides both derived and compounds words with their complete morphological analysis. D&eacute;riF\'s input must be a POS tagged lemma X. D&eacute;riF\'s output is a morphological description of X, including :</p> <ul> <li>its set of ancestors (= its \'direct\' morphological family)</li> </ul> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">ex:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\"><em>intoxication/N : (intoxication/N, intoxiquer/V, toxique/A)</em></p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">[intoxication, intoxicate, toxic)</p> <ul> <li>its definition, according to the meaning of its base and the Word Formation rule relating X and this base:</li> </ul> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">ex:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\"><em>h&eacute;patique/A</em> =&gt; \\\"Related to the liver\\\"</p> <ul> <li>a set of morphology-predicted lexical semantic annotations</li> </ul> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">ex:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\"><em>laver/V</em> [wash] =&gt; [ aspect=dynamic, subcat = &lt; NPagent, NPpatient &gt; ]</p> <p>Further details about D&eacute;rif in :</p> <p>Namer, Fiammetta. 2009. Morphologie, Lexique et TAL : l\'analyseur D&eacute;riF: TIC et Sciences cognitives. London: Hermes Sciences Publishing.</p> <p>Namer, Fiammetta. 2013. A Rule-Based Morphosemantic Analyzer for French for a Fine-Grained Semantic Annotation of Texts. In SFCM 2013, eds. Cerstin Mahlow and M. Piotrowski, 93-115. Heidelberg: Springer.</p> <p>Fiammetta Namer : https://sites.google.com/site/fiammettanamer/</p>',1,0,0,'2013-08-29 15:42:03','2013-08-29 15:45:25'),(1334,9,349,'<p>For more information about BookLamp, its origins and its goals, please see the <a href=\\\"http://bookgenome.com/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Book Genome Project\'s website</a> and the <a href=\\\"http://storytime.booklamp.org/booklamps-faq/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">BookLamp FAQ document</a>.</p> <p>Individual books\' views show their most prominent StoryDNA elements and lists the most similar other books based on those elements. An option to search for similar books by adjusting the amount of particular StoryDNA elements is in the works. For a quick example, please see the entry for Octavia Butler\'s novel <a href=\\\"http://booklamp.org/book_suggestions.php?refbook=9780807083703\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><em>Kindred</em></a>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2013-09-10 20:50:56','2013-09-11 17:47:07'),(1335,9,214,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>Micro-OCP was a microprocessor implementation of the second version of the Oxford Concordance Program (Jones 131).</p> <p>Randall L. Jones regarded the OCP as an important and under-recognized contribution to the production of computer-assisted concordances (131). The original implementation of the OCP was designed and written by Ian Marriot and Susan Hockey over 1979 and 1980 (O\'Brien 138). It ran on mainframe computers, mostly Digital or IBM equipment though it was designed to be machine-independent (138). As of 1986, over 200 university computer departments had purchased copies, though one of the 40 respondents to Frank O\'Brien\'s 1984 survey of academic researchers reported that their institute could not accommodate the OCP\'s install requirements with the intended equipment (138).</p> <p>The most commonly reported drawback was its long processing times (138). Most users felt the program was reliable with intelligent defaults, though post-purchase technical support was \\\"poor to non-existent\\\" despite the excellent user\'s manual (138). Overall, O\'Brien judge the OCP to be a good investments for researchers who needed to do sophisticated analysis but for whom learning a programming language was prohibitive (O\'Brien 141). It was particularly notable for integrating many of the most useful features of CLOC and COCOA (O\'Brien 138).</p> <p>The Micro-OCP debuted in 1987 (Jones 131). Jones described the Micro-OCP as</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">a general purpose program which makes indexes, concordances, and words lists from texts in a variety of languages. It is not an interactive text retrieval program, but rather it processes the data in batch mode then produces formatted output. Micro-OCP allows for excellent flexibility in the definition of the input and output formats as well as the type of index or concordance to be made. The program is completely menu-driven and requires no programming experience or technical understanding of the computer. Micro-OCP is, however, so feature laden that for even simple applications a fairly detailed orientation is required. (131)</p> <p>Notably, the Micro-OCP allowed text to be formatted in fixed format, COCOA or starting string format (Jones 132). Its strength was its command language, which had commands in four categories (input, words, actions, format) that could be defined in a separate file via the provided commands construction kit and run on a text (132). Users could choose to extract only the dialogue spoken by a particular character, or extracts data from only one subset of the whole, or only process words of a particular length or starting with a particular character (Jones 133-134). The Micro-OCP was not suitable for lemmatized concordances or disambiguation -- though it was possible to use the commands to approximate it, the results suffered from accuracy problems (Jones 135).</p> <p>Jones tested the Micro-OCP\'s processing time and found that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The length of time needed to process a text is a function of the microprocessor speed and the complexity of the task to be performed. A basic word list of a simple text with most command options not chosen requires much less time than a complete concord- ance of a complex text in which several of the *WORDS and *ACTION options have been selected. To make an index of the 36KB sample Greek file (Book 1 of the Iliad) on a PS2/30 required 11.2 minutes, while a complete concord- ance required 25.5 minutes. The output for the index used 86KB of storage on the hard disk; the concordance took up 426.5KB. (Jones 135)</p> <p>He praised the manual as thorough with excellent tutorials, though he found the section on the command language to be cryptic in places (135). Despite a few drawbacks, Jones declared the Micro-OCP an excellent, high quality program (135).</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Jones, Randall L. \\\"Software Review: Micro-OCP.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 23.2 (1989): 131-167. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200151\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>O\'Brien, Frank. \\\"Software Reviews: Oxford Concordance Program.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 20.2 (1986): 131-167. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200056\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-09-19 20:10:17','2013-09-19 21:06:28'),(1336,9,218,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>L.D. Burnard described CLOC as \\\"a general purpose text analysis package in the tradition of COCOA, JEUDEMO or OCP\\\" (Burnard 259).</p> <p>CLOC was written in Algol 68-R, available only on ICL 1900 series mainframes, with its development future uncertain at the time of Burnard\'s review (Burnard 260). CLOC \\\"operated by first transforming the input text into what is essentially a large symbol table held on direct access backing store. This transformation is necessarily costly and highly machine specific\\\" (260). Burnard reported that it was faster than comparable programs like OCP at producing a concordance of the same short (500 word) text, remained faster for processing saved files, but was slower processing large texts (5000 words) from raw files (260).</p> <p>It was the first of its type to have a \\\"comparatively simple user interface\\\", which Burnard attributes to its intended audience of linguists rather than computer programmers (Burnard 259). It used a simple command language to generate concordances and indexes from text in any language, and required users to define individual characters as letters, padding, separators or to be ignored, with \'read as space\' defined as a special category of separators (259).</p> <p>Burnard found that there were significant limitations to how characters could be defined. For example, CLOC could not equate characters like \'a\' and \'A\' for sorting purposes, padding characters defaulted to non-sorting, and certain parts of a text could be selected for processing by means of delimiters or its position (259). Those limitations aside, CLOC was notable for permitting texts to be saved in its internal format for later, repeated processing - a feature many contemporary programs of its type lacked (259). Users could select words and phrases for analysis based on frequency or pattern, such as all five-letter words ending in T (259).</p> <p>Burnard was particularly pleased with CLOC\'s notably clear manual and simple command language (259). He noted that the command language had a few irritating idiosyncrasies, but judged these as minor quibbles given the program has been successfully used by humanities grad students with minimal trouble (Burnard 260).</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Burnard, L.D. \\\"Software Review: CLOC.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 14.4 (1980): 259-260. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404435\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-09-19 20:59:56','2013-09-19 21:06:05'),(1337,9,222,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>COCOA was a program for creating KWIC concordances, word frequency reports and word counts on texts (Day and Marriott 56).</p> <p>COCOA was first available in the early to mid 1960s. D. B. Russell\'s 1965 review describes the earliest version as \\\"a system which allows users to generate word-counts and concordances from literary (or other) texts. It was written originally for Atlas after consultation with various British Universities, and is currently being implemented for System 4-75 at Edinburgh\\\" (Russell).</p> <p>It was still in use 10 years later. In 1974, Paul Corcoran described COCOA as</p> <p class=\\\"Body1\\\" style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">a highly flexible device for processing natural language texts. The program can produce word and vocabulary counts, concordances with context formats and location references, and word-frequency profiles. Texts supplied by the user may be in any language, although non-Roman characters or alphabets must be transliterated by means of characters or character combinations available on input devices and acceptable to the computer system on which the program is to be run. (Corcoran 566)</p> <p class=\\\"Body1\\\">COCOA was written in FORTRAN and housed on approximately 4000 punched cards (Day and Mariott 56). Compared to other programs of its type, COCOA was powerful and flexible, capable of lemmatization, selecting words of specified length or suffix, or specifying only a given section of a text (56). COCOA required three interrelated parts to run, being the COCOA program itself, a 13-card \'control file\' and the text to be processed, though the version adapted to DECsystem-10 computers combined the control file with the text file and permitted users to combine them in a single deck of cards (Corcoran 566). Users could declare their own character set, punctuation, word separators and connectors, special characters and signs (to assist the program\'s processing), references to other parts of the text or text library, a reference format for concordances, inclusion or exclusion of particular words, and suffixes for special processing (566).</p> <p class=\\\"Body1\\\">Word counts output in tables, with the program automatically providing the counts sorted in frequency, alphabetic and rhyme (alphabetic on word endings) orders (Russell). Word frequencies were also arranged in a table (Russell). For concordances, COCOA produced a list of all lines a word appeared on, a limited amount of context, and a reference to the source of the text (Russell). The concorded word appeared in the center of the output line surrounded by its context (Russell). All output was suitable for printing without further processing (Corcoran 566). In its earliest version, COCOA required that texts in non-Roman alphabets be transliterated (Russell), but by 1974 it could handle texts of 256 individual characters, or 128 where the alphabet includes upper and lower case forms (Corcoran 566).</p> <p class=\\\"Body1\\\">COCOA was notable for permitting users to insert comments directly into the text by enclosing them in square brackets (Russell). Identification records, which assisted COCOA in processing the text, were enclosed in angle brackets (Russell). As both forms of bracket were treated as special characters by the program, they could not be included in the text body (Russell). Russell described the use and treatment of the identification records:</p> <p class=\\\"Body1\\\" style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The identification records will typically be copied from the headings of the original script, e.g.</p> <p class=\\\"Body1\\\" style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">&lt;W SHAKESPEARE&gt; &lt;T HAMLET&gt; &lt;A 1&gt; &lt;S 1&gt;</p> <p class=\\\"Body1\\\" style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">the W standing for Writer not William, T for Title, A for Act and S for Scene and so on. The choice of letters is arbitrary and is left to the individual user except that L always stands for Line Number, which is automatically initialized and incremented by the system. These identification records allow COCOA to identify the different sections of text. By reference to these records, users can program COCOA to select those sections of his archive which are appropriate for a particular study. He can also program COCOA to generate references for occurrences of words appearing in the output from a concordance. (Russell)</p> <p>The control cards provided with the program were used to specify functions, and had the drawback of both lacking clarity and being prone to human error (Day and Marriott 56). However, COCOA was otherwise well commented and had good technical support (56). While COCOA could process any size of text in theory, in practice it was restricted by the core space of the machine processing it and the user\'s available disk space (Corcoran 566). To work around those restrictions, COCOA provided controls for limiting the output of particularly large texts to manageable proportions (Russell). Users could reduce the scope of their text by providing a list of words of particular interest, providing a list of words to exclude, setting the program to only concord words appearing within a specified frequency range, or by breaking up concordance into blocks by alphabetic range (Russell).</p> <p>COCOA was a success with academic users from the start. Russell reports that by the time it had been out for six months, there were academic studies using it in over six languages (Russell). As of 1976, COCOA was still regarded as a valuable tool for literary research (Day and Marriott 56).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Corcoran, Paul E. \\\"COCOA: A FORTRAN Program for Concordance and Word-count Processing of Natural Language Texts.\\\" <em>Behavior Research Methods &amp; Instrumentation</em> 6.6 (1974): 566. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03201351\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Day, Colin and Ian Marriott. \\\"Software Reviews: COCOA: A Word Count and Concordance Generator.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.1 (1976): 56. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02399143\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Russell, D. B. \\\"COCOA - A Word Count and Concordance Generator.\\\" <em>Associates Technology Literature Applications Society</em> (1965). <a href=\\\"http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/applications/cocoa/p001.htm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-09-23 22:10:04','2013-09-23 22:12:21'),(1338,9,203,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>GINGER II was a word sense disambiguation tool for English language texts developed by Luca Dini, Vittorio di Tomaso and Fr&eacute;d&eacute;rique Segond, and released in 2000 as the successor to their GINGER I, released in 1998 (Dini, di Tomaso and Segond 121).</p> <p>GINGER II drew from machine-readable dictionaries to generate a semantically-tagged corpus (121). It used the HECTOR Oxford Dictionary of English, the Xerox Incremental Finite State Parser for English and WordNet 1.5 (English) to learn semantic disambiguation tools (Dini, di Tomaso and Segond 122). It used the syntactic relations between subject and verb, verb-object and modifier and subject-object, and associated each word of a functional pair with the appropriate semantic information (122). GINGER II then built a database of semantic disambiguation rules from the relations between words in the corpus\' sentences (Dini, di Tomaso and Segond 121).</p> <p>Unlike its predecessor GINGER I, GINGER II utilized a nonstatistical approach that \\\"directly extracts semantic disambiguation rules from dictionary example phreases using all funcitonal relations found there,\\\" which does not require statistical validation (121). It also improved on GINGER I:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">&minus; it relies on dictionary sense numbering to semantically tag dictionary examples</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">&minus; it uses syntactic parsing of dictionary examples to extract semantic disambiguation rules</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">&minus; it uses two sets of semantic information to produce semantic disambiguation rules: the dictionary numbering provided from HECTOR and the 45 top level categories of WordNet. (121)</p> <p>Though GINGER II was designed for English texts, its designers concluded that its methodology is applicable to any language where web-based dictionaries are extant but large pre-tagged corpora are not (Dini, di Tomaso and Segond 125).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Dini, Luca, Vittorio di Tomaso and Frederique Segond. \\\"GINGER II: An Example-Driven Word Sense Disambiguator.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 34.1-2 (2000): 121-126. <a href=\\\"http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/16898915/ginger-ii-example-driven-word-sense-disambiguator\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-09-24 16:49:57','2013-09-24 16:52:33'),(1339,9,206,'<p><strong>Program Overview </strong></p> <p>NETMET was a program for generating and interpreting metaphors developed by Eric Steinhart and first released in 1995 (Steinhart 383). It was intended primarily for humanities research, but was also applicable to other disciplines, such as the sciences or philosphy, where clear theories of metaphor are important (383).</p> <p>NETMET was a work of computational philosophy of language that translated philosophical theory from natural language text into a computer language program which could then test the theory (Steinhart 384). It treated producing and interpreting metaphors as rule-governed activities to provide at least a partial literal interpretation (Steinhart 383).</p> <p>Steinhart described it as \\\"a hybrid computational model, utilizing both the serial symbol processing techniques of classical artificial intelligence and more recent connectionist techniques\\\" (Steinhart 384). It used lexical semantics to parse input proposition (384). Propositions fell into seven basic kinds, being \\\"(1) sentential propositions; (2) attribute-value propositions; (3) features; (4) rules; (5) genitive propositions; (6) paradigmatic propositions [and] (7) mereological propositions\\\" (384).</p> <p>In Steinhart\'s view, NETMET was a successful model for generating and interpreting metaphors and confirmed that \\\"metaphors are at least as rule-governed as literal language\\\" (Steinhart 391).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Steinhart, Eric. \\\"<span class=\\\"search-match\\\">NETMET</span>: A Program for Generating and Interpreting Metaphors.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 28.6 (1995): 383-392. <a href=\\\"http://www.ericsteinhart.com/articles/netmetapa.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Note </strong></p> <p>Eric Steinhart offers NETMET for download on his personal website <a href=\\\"http://ericsteinhart.com/ANALOGY/lom-netmet.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">here</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-09-24 17:33:07','2013-09-24 17:35:25'),(1340,9,207,'<p><strong>Program Overview </strong></p> <p>Micro-EYEBALL was a revision of the mainframe program EYEBALL, which \\\"parses English language texts and provides a statistical description of many linguistic features which are of interest to those involved in stylistics\\\" (Ross and Hunter 1). It was a microcomputer implementation of the original, which dated to the 1970s, so the program could be of continuing use to humanities scholars who had not participated in mainframe computing (1).</p> <p>EYEBALL, developed by Donald Ross Jr. and Robert H. Rasche, was an information system for students of literature with particular applications for the study of literary style, literary criticism and the history of ideas (Ross and Rasche 213). They began development in the late 1960s:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The general design of the project was outlined in December 1969; by July 1970, the basic VLII programming for all stages had been completed. Current work is in two areas. First, the PL/I programs have been \\\"translated\\\" into the Fortran language, in versions for IBM 360 and CDC 6600 computers. This step has made EYEBALL more widely useful; we have found also that Fortran is markedly faster (and cheaper). Second, we have designed batch-processing algorithms of Phase 2 and Phase 4 for computing systems which do not support interactive processors. (Ross and Rasche 216)</p> <p>EYEBALL consisted of a series of computer programs that first surveyed natural language text and then marked wherever possible the text\'s syntax and vocabulary use properties (Ross and Rasche 213). The intermediate processing stage \\\"indicat[ed] the ends of phrases (prepositional, infinitive, and so on) and of clauses and locations of subjects, predicates, and objects within clauses\\\" (213). EYEBALL attempted to navigate the ambiguity of the English language while \\\"maximizing accuracy and minimizing the man-hours involved in the analysis\\\". Its error tolerance was in the range of 2%, which Ross and Rasche found to be \\\"quite acceptable\\\" to science and social science standards, particularly compared to the up to 10% error rate Ross calculated for his own hand counts (213). It did not require a large computer dictionary, nor did it require users to apply markup to their texts prior to processing (Ross and Rasche 214).</p> <p>The microprocessor edition, completed in 1994), was a major overhaul of EYEBALL (Ross and Hunter 1). Ross and Hunter wanted to ensure Micro-EYEBALL would run on widely-available computers to remove the cost and accessibility barrier for even poorly-funded researchers (Ross and Hunter 2). It ran on IBM/PC or compatible personal computers and required only 512K of memory and DOS 3.02 to run, and though a hard disk install was preferable, Ross and Hunter believed that it should also work from floppy disks (2). They kept Micro-EYEBALL\'s constituent programs in FORTRAN and designed the whole \\\"to be ported to other systems with little or no alteration of the source code\\\" (2).</p> <p>Micro-EYEBALL accepted ASCII text files and worked best with samples of 500-3000 words (2).</p> <p>Its programs could accomplish common tasks such as generating word lists and parsing (Ross and Hunter 4), and could also systematically characterize distributions of categories and functions (Ross and Hunter 4). Ross and Hunter aimed for Micro-EYEBALL to be straightforward and to accomplish necessary tasks without requiring a large investment of time or effort of its users:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The parser does not identify \\\"deep\\\" or \\\"remote\\\" structures, transformational histories, nor is it delicate enough to analyze nominal or verbal phrases beyond their main constituents. Unlike a parser which might emulate the psychology of the human reader, both versions of EYEBALL have worked within the technical limits of readily available, inexpensive hardware and software. The aim of the project is not to develop a computer program which teaches or learns English grammar. Our goal is to get to an accurately tagged text with the least time and effort on the researcher\'s part. We have decided upon straightforward syntactic and structural descriptions since a more elaborate system would produce descriptive classes too small for the sample size we recommend. (Ross and Hunter 3)</p> <p>In their view, EYEBALL enabled researchers to quickly and easy test hypotheses about relationships within texts (Ross and Hunter 10).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Ross, Donald and David Hunter. \\\"Micro-<span class=\\\"search-match\\\">EYEBALL</span>: An Interactive System for Producing Stylistic Descriptions and Comparisons.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 28.1 (1994): 1-11. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200305\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Ross Jr., Donald and Robert H. Rasche. \\\"<span class=\\\"search-match\\\">EYEBALL</span>: A Computer Program for Description of Style.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 6.4 (1972): 213-221. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204031\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-09-26 18:11:35','2013-09-26 18:12:38'),(1341,9,208,'<p><strong>Program Overview </strong></p> <p>Collate was a program released in the early 1990s for identifying similarities and differences between files on Macintosh computers (Johnson 401).</p> <p>Eric Johnson reviewed it for <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> in 1994, and tested it using variations of Shakespeare\'s eighteenth sonnet (401). Collate accepted and could process up to 100 text files, and each had to be edited to add the block markers, tags and codes needed to tell the program how to treat key parts of the file (401).</p> <p>Collate was originally developed for use on medieval texts, and consequently offered numerous tools for examining complex texts such as a regularizer for variant spellings (401). It also included fuzzy matching to assist researchers in determining what qualifies as a variant, could handle notation for marginal glosses and descriptions of ornamental capitals, and an output option for inserting formatting codes readable by TeX processors (Johnson 402).</p> <p>Johnson had a few criticisms of Collate. He found that the need to prepare text files with notations and tags increases the learning curve and margin for user errors (Johnson 402). In addition, Collate was not particularly fast at processing texts - Johnson estimated that it would take a full two days to collate the complete works of Shakespeare (Johnson 403).</p> <p>However, Johnson found Collate to overall be \\\"a robust and adaptable program for collating all kinds of texts...[i]ts output is exhaustive, and it can be formatted in sophisticate ways ready for publication\\\" (403).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Johnson, Eric. \\\"Technical Review: Collate: Interactive Collation of Large Textual Traditions.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 27.5-6 (1993): 401-420. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204565\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-09-26 19:06:16','2013-09-26 19:07:17'),(1342,9,209,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>XTRACT was a lexical collocation tool developed by Frank Smadja in the early 1990s that used statistical techniques for retrieving and identifying collocations in a large textual corpora (Smadja, \\\"XTRACT\\\" 399).</p> <p>Rather than a single tool, XTRACT was a set of tools for locating words in context and making statistical observations to identify collocations (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 150). Smadja aimed to promote XTRACT as useful for any text-based application, such as language generation, retrieving grammatical collocations (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 171), or generating a multilingual lexicography (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 174).</p> <p>In 1993, Smadja rolled out an expanded and refined version of XTRACT which computed more information and was optimized to improve how much fuctional information it could extract (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 150). According to Smadja, the 1993 version of XTRACT worked in three stages:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">In the first stage, pairwise lexical relations are retrieved using only statistical information....In the second stage, multiple-word combinations and complex expressions are identified....Finally, by combining parsing and statistical techniques the third stage labels and filters collocations retrieved at stage one. The third stage has been evaluated to raise the precision of Xtract from 40% to 80% with a recall of 94%. (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 145)</p> <p>Smadja also found that the third stage could \\\"be considered as a retrieval system that retrieves valid collocations from a set of candidates\\\" (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 166).</p> <p>It used statistics to retrieve pairwise lexical relations from a corpus where they are correlated within a sentence, and \\\"retain[ed] words (or parts of speech) occupying a position with probability greater than a given threshold\\\" (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 151). XTRACT could also apply its collocations to producing other lexicographic output, such as adding syntax (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 161), producing tagged concordances, parsing texts and labeling sentences (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 162).</p> <p>XTRACT\'s results varied based on the size of the corpus (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 168). Smadja found that the program was not effective low-frequency words, which negatively impacted smaller texts because they did not have a large enough distribution amongst their collocates (168). The results also varied based on the content of a corpus, evident with Smadja\'s example using Wall Street data:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Food is not eaten at Wall Street but rather traded, sold, offered, bought, etc. If the corpus only contains stories in a given domain, most of the collocations retrieved will also be dependent on this domain...in addition to jargonistic words, there are a number of more familiar terms that form collocations when used in different domains. A corpus containing stock market stories is obviously not a good choice for retrieving collocations related to weather reports or for retrieving domain independent collocations such as \\\"<em>make-decision</em>.\\\" (Smadja, \\\"Retrieving Collocations\\\" 169)</p> <p>In Smadja\'s view, XTRACT produced results with the highest quality and greatest range of collocations, which he credits to its filtering system and syntactic labeling (Smadja, \\\"XTRACT\\\" 411).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Smadja, Frank. \\\"Retrieving Collocations from Text: XTRACT.\\\" <em>Computational Linguistics</em> 19.1 (1993): 143-177. <a href=\\\"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/J/J93/J93-1007.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Smadja, Frank. \\\"XTRACT: An Overview.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.5-6 (1992): 399-413. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204633\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-09-27 17:47:32','2013-09-27 17:48:25'),(1343,9,211,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>PC-KIMMO is a morphological parser developed for microcomputers (Antworth 389). Its development began in 1985 at the Summer Institute for Linguistics in Texas (\\\"About PC-KIMMO\\\").</p> <p>PC-KIMMO was coded in Microsoft C by David Smith and Stephen McConnell, and was directed by Gary Simons (\\\"About PC-KIMMO\\\"). The program was developed for IBM/PC, Macintosh and UNIX (Hinkelman and Olsen 157), and also ran on PC-compatible computers with MS-DOS (Antworth 391). It could generate word forms from roots, reduce word forms to roots, and identify the tense, mood, gender and number of words (Hinkelman and Olsen 157). PC-KIMMO was language-independent and has been used for languages ranging from English to Finnish to Japanese (157).</p> <p>According to Evan L. Antworth, \\\"PC-KIMMO is based on [Kimmo] Koskenniemi\'s two-level model of morphology. In the two-level model, a word is represented as a direct, character-for-character correspondence between its underlying or lexical form (UF) and its surface form (SF) (Antworth 391).\\\" KIMMO was a parser where \\\"the morphological description is stated independently of the parser program code and comprises two components, a lexical (and morphotactic) component and a phonological component\\\" in Finnish computer scientist Kimmo Koskenniemi\'s morphological parsing system (Antworth 390). Koskenniemi developed his parser to be applicable across languages and the result \\\"[could] be used to build parsers for any natural language\\\" (390). Lauri Karttunen did so in 1983, and Karttunen\'s KIMMO became the best-known implementation (390).</p> <p>In addition to parsing texts, PC-KIMMO could produce interlinear text translations or annotations. It could also be used to build applications, such as the text processing program KTEXT (Antworth 393). The KTEXT application parsed text stored on a disk file then wrote the results to a new disk file, and had the advantage of accepting PC-KIMMO rules and lexicon files directly without requiring modification (393).</p> <p>PC-KIMMO was designed particularly for humanities computing tasks:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">In order to meet the demands of humanities computing, we need a general morphological parser that meets three criteria: (1) it must be consistent with generally accepted linguistic theory, (2) it can be used with any natural language, and (3) it can easily be used as part of a larger computational system. PC-KIMMO, though perhaps not the ultimate solution to our parsing needs, meets these criteria and has the advantage that it is readily available to scholars who use personal computers. (Antworth 397)</p> <p>It was well-received by the Humanities Computing academic community. Reviewers Elizabeth Hinkelman and Mark Olsen, writing for journal <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>, found that PC-KIMMO offered</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">a very simple form of linguistic analysis that can be made very comprehensive with some effort. Like most CL efforts, it has a weak user interface and a data acquisition bottleneck. The code is competently executed and extensively documented. It shows great promise, and we consider it as one of the first solid indications that CL technology is ready for humanities applications. (Hinkelman and Olsen 162)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>NOTE: While development of PC-KIMMO ceased in the mid-1990s (\\\"About PC-KIMMO\\\"), SIL Computing Resources maintains it as a <a href=\\\"http://www.sil.org/pckimmo/\\\">free download</a>, including all applicable documentation.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>\\\"About PC-KIMMO: A Two-Level Processor for Morphological Analysis.\\\" <em>SIL International </em>(homepage). 27 Mar. 1996. <a href=\\\"http://www-01.sil.org/pckimmo/about_pc-kimmo.html\\\">Web</a>. 30 Sept. 2013.</p> <p>Antworth, Evan L. \\\"Glossing Text with the PC-<span class=\\\"search-match\\\">KIMMO</span> Morphological Parser.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>&nbsp;26.5-6 (1992): 389-398. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204457\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Hinkelman, Elizabeth and Mark Olsen. \\\"Technical Reviews: PC-<span class=\\\"search-match\\\">Kimmo</span>: A Computational Linguistic Tool for Humanities Applications.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.2 (1992): 157-168. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204632\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-01 18:47:20','2013-10-01 18:50:13'),(1344,9,212,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>URICA! II was collation tool for microcomputers, and an updated version of URICA! (User Response Interactive Collation Assistant) (Hilton 139.) This update was released in 1992 by Michael Hilton and his team (139).</p> <p>At the time of URICA! II\'s release, URICA! was installed at 35 registered sites (139). While URICA! ran on IBM and PC-compatible computers under DOS, URICA! II was developed for Macintosh to take advantage of the streamlined interface possible with its GUI and mouse (139). Rather than running in DOS, URICA! II was launched from its icon the Macintosh desktop (Hilton 140). Its interface integrated pull-down menus with options \\\"to begin a new collation, resume an old collation, define a variant category list, or conflate several variant files. Several other options, such as the viewing and printing of files...are included in the program\\\" (140). Hilton found that the mouse interface was more efficient at resolving variables than URICA!\'s reliance on the keyboard\'s function keys (Hilton 141).</p> <p>URICA! II built directly on URICA!, which sought to address the drawbacks of the computer collation systems available at the time:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">URICA!\'s primary goal is to give scholars an interactive system for text collation that is carried out as texts are being read into the computer. As a result, the system is more flexible than others that have been available previously. Run on large batch computer systems, previous approaches had to invoke the operating system, entering two file names, and wait for the collation results. In cases where two texts were greatly different, these computer programs often got lost trying to resolve complicated variants and were incapable of proceeding without human intervention. The scholar had to determine the point of resumption and start the system once more. (Cannon and Oakman 470)</p> <p>URICA! was developed by Robert Cannon and Robert Oakman to identify variants between two texts by comparing a text provided by the user to a machine-readable master text (Cannon and Oakman 469). The text for comparison could be loaded from a file or typed directly into URICA!\'s interface, and the tool output a third file detailing the variants, the classifications applied to each variant, and where they occurred in the text (469). According to Cannon and Oakman, URICA! was developed to assist Father Romauld Green of St. Bonaventure University in creating a scholarly edition of Duns Scotus:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Father Green had only one printed text of Duns Scotus, which had been optically scanned; the other ten significant texts were Latin manuscripts that had to be keyed into the machine manually. Green wanted a program to allow him to do his collations and store his variants interactively as he was preparing his texts at a keyboard of a micro- computer. As a result of his query, students and faculty in Computer Science at South Carolina set to work to produce a collation scheme to fit Green\'s problem: URICA! -- User Response Interactive Collation Assistant. (469)</p> <p>Cannon and Oakman found that interacting directly with the computer to resolve variants was faster and more convenient for scholars (Cannon and Oakman 470). URICA!\'s development began in 1984 using Turbo Pascal, then a popular choice for developing software for IBM and compatible personal computers (470). They chose Pascal and to target microcomputers in part because in 1984, microcomputers were the least expensive choice, and \\\"many academic departments and individuals in the humanities have already invested in such computers\\\" (470). In addition, Pascal supported their aim to present master and comparison texts in separate windows, so that users could see both at once as URICA! compared them (470). Microcomputers also permitted users to distribute files between disparate machines, including transferring machine-readable texts stored on tape to mainframes and then to a microcomputer with URICA! installed (470). The master text was stored on a diskette, and users could either enter the comparison text via keyboard or access it from a second diskette (470).</p> <p>URICA! II improved on its predecessor by semi-automating the process of collating texts (Hilton 139). It automatically resolved short variants up to approximately five words in length, and prompted users to resolve longer variants as the program found them (139). According to Hilton, \\\"[t]he computer provides fast and accurate manipulation of large quantities of text, and the human makes judgments regarding complex differences in the texts. The computer locates the start of a variant, and the human locates its end\\\" (Hilton 140). Unlike URICA!, which restricted users to three preset categories -- insertion, deletion and replacement&nbsp; (Cannon and Oakman 469) -- URICA! II enabled users to define their own categories and have the program tag variants as belonging to them automatically (Hilton 139).</p> <p>Unlike Collate, which was designed for use with medieval texts with a high degree of variability, \\\"URICA! II was designed primarily for use with modern literary texts where typographic and orthographic concerns are minimal. The result is a tool which is simple, easy to use, and sufficient for most collation tasks\\\" (Hilton 143). URICA! II did not contain direct features for handling alternate spellings or markup, as Collate did, but it could simulate them by creating categories for instances such as Middle English\'s variant word forms and using a filter to normalize variants marked as alternative spellings (143). URICA! II treated markup as text, and when a marked up text was compared to a version without markup, it could categorize markup as a variant (143).</p> <p>As a whole, URICA II improved on URICA! with an intuitive interface that made collation quick and efficient, enabling users to focus on analyzing the text rather than collecting variants (Hilton 144).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Cannon, Robert L. and Oakman, Robert L. \\\"Interactive Collation on a Microcomputer: The <span class=\\\"search-match\\\">URICA</span>! Approach.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 23.6 (1989): 469-472. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200178\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Hilton, Michael L. \\\"The <span class=\\\"search-match\\\">URICA</span>! II Collation System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.2 (1992): 139-144. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204452\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-03 19:44:10','2013-10-03 19:45:30'),(1345,30,91,'MorphAdorner v2.0 became available in September 2013.',1,0,0,'2013-10-07 02:48:23','2013-10-07 02:48:23'),(1346,9,213,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>VINCI is a natural language generation system developed by Michael Levison and Gregory Lessard of Queen\'s University in Kingston, Ontario (Levison and Lessard 43). It was programmed in C, and the version released in 1992 could run in UNIX, MS-DOS and VM/CMS (43).</p> <p>Levison and Lessard describe VINCI as</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">a natural language generation system...which accepts as input a formal description of some subset of natural language, and generates strings in the language. With the help of an attribute grammar formalism, the system can be used to simulate on a computer components of several current linguistic theories. (43)</p> <p>Their goal was to create a system capable of embodying constructs from a variety of linguistic theories (Levison and Lessard 44). The resulting program is</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">[o]n the one hand...an attempt to provide an environment for solving a particular range of problems, among them teaching basic concepts of linguistic theory, modelling performance errors and providing a generative computer-aided language learning environment. On the other hand, it attempts to provide the most common devices found in mainstream generative grammar. (44)</p> <p>Levison and Lessard wanted a system with rules that were as familiar as possible to researchers, that did not require them to learn to program, and that provided a morphology and lexicon rather than require users to construct their own (44). As such, \\\"VINCI provides the linguist with metalanguages as similar as possible to those used in current linguistic research\\\" (44).</p> <p>As of 1992, they were working toward expanding VINCI to include second-language learning, via exercises composed of question and expected answer pairs (Levison and Lessard 55). The prototype looked for common typing errors such as transposition and omitted letters or words, with the intent of identifying errors by type and providing appropriate advice (Levison and Lessard 57). They were also applying VINCI to modelling language errors, or \\\"malrules\\\" (Levison and Lessard 57).</p> <p>The 1992 release of VINCI allowed users to modify the data, including morphology and lexicon, as needed (Levison and Lessard 45). The system could load a language description in under a minute on a SUN network or an IBM 3081G, but was \\\"considerably slower\\\" on an IBM PC (286) (45). It was designed to handle a wide range of languages -- though Levison and Lessard mostly used VINCI with French, it was also successfully applied to English, Russian, Italian and basic French phonetics (45).</p> <p>Even in its earliest version, VINCI was successful as a tool for facilitating linguistic research, and for linguistic students exploring language generation concepts (Levison and Lessard 55).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em>Note: Vinci continued development into the 2000s and has been maintained online by the developers with comprehensive documentation. It can be found <a href=\\\"http://research.cs.queensu.ca/CompLing/\\\">here</a>.</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Levison, Michael and Gregory Lessard. \\\"A System for Natural Language Sentence Generation.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.1 (1992): 43-58. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204437\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-08 17:46:57','2013-10-08 17:49:36'),(1347,9,217,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>DV-COLL is a data entry and textual collation program originally developed in the 1980s by the Donne Variorum to facilitate digitizing and updating The Variorum Edition of the Poetry of John Donne (Stringer and Vilberg 83).</p> <p>The Donne Variorum\'s Advisory Board began investigating their options for digitization in 1981, and identified microcomputers as relatively inexpensive and the most convenient computer system available (83). They first tried two preexisting collation programs developed for the Apple II + (Stringer and Vilberg 85). The first was a PASCAL program called Imitatio Christi, which could manage up to six variations at a time but relied on the user to locate variations by sight and resolve them manually (Stringer and Vilberg 86). The second was an unnamed program, described as</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Dearing\'s adaptation for the microcomputer of the COBOL code that the editors of the California Dryden project have run for years on the UCLA mainframe. This program...performs word-by-word comparison of variants, but like the other, is specifically written for the Apple II + with language card. (86)</p> <p>However, the project had already transcribed and numbered each of Donne\'s poems, and assigned an 11-character identification code to each record (Stringer and Vilberg 84). They also encoded metadata indicating the source, page numbers, format of source, date of transcription, transcriber, title, line of the poem, any applicable subscriptions, and distinctive features of the original text (ex: scribal flourishes or orthographic peculiarities) alongside the poems (84). They required a program that could not only handle this metadata, but assist in reconciling variant versions of Donne\'s poems.</p> <p>Neither Imitatio Christi nor the Dearing program fully met the Donne Variorum\'s needs, so Bill Vilberg and Bruce Dinoff wrote a BASIC program in two major phases to meet the project\'s requirements (Stringer and Vilberg 86). This program ran on microcomputers, with versions for CP/M machines, including the Apple II +, for the IBM-PC and the TRS-80 (86). This program, which was soon called DV-COLL, was</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">[q]uite flexible and powerful in its present form, the program can collate up to fourteen versions of a poem simultaneously. Individual lines may extend to 256 characters each, far more than enough capacity to handle even the longest lines in Whitman and roughly twice the compressed-print line-length of the eighty-column printer. (86)</p> <p>The program handled data in small quantities and 48k of memory was sufficient to run it (86). It was restricted by the length of the text, the disk capacity available for the variants users wished to collate, and whether the user wanted to store the output on disk for later access or manipulation with a word processor (86). The output could be displayed onscreen or printed instead (86).</p> <p>Users could choose from three options for output. Firstly, DV-COLL could show each line of the text next to the corresponding line from each variant (86). It could also flag each distinct version of a line (Stringer and Vilberg 87). Thirdly, it could compare individual words of each alternate version of a line to the master text, and flag words according to whether they\'re variants, deleted or additional (87). In the line and word comparison instances, DV-COLL displayed exact matches to the master version as a blank line or space, showing only the variations in full (87).</p> <p>Stringer and Vilburg also described key features of DV-COLL\'s interface:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">A number of built-in internal features make the program versatile and easy to use. Once a collation run is completed, the program returns to its opening menu, which shows a numbered list of the files currently entered for processing, and allows the editor either to break out of BASIC and turn to other tasks or to proceed with additional collation. At this point the operator can exercise any of the several options that are available at initial boot up: to clear the list and enter new files for collation, to re-collate the currently entered batch at a different level, to insert or delete files from the list, to re-order the files in any way desired, to call up a disk directory of files available for collation, or to look at a help screen. (Stringer and Vilburg 88-89)</p> <p>The Donne Variorum released DV-COLL to the wider academic community as \\\"a contribution to the field of textual editing,\\\" and Stringer and Vilburg judged that the project \\\"made every effort to ensure that the program will be friendly to the scholars who need to use it\\\" (89). Interested users could purchase both the program and its documentation directly from The Donne Variorum for $10 (89).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em>Note</em>: The Donne Variorum has continued development on DV-COLL and now offers it for free download through their website.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Stringer, Gary A. and William R. Vilberg. \\\"The Donne Variorum Textual Collation Program.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 21.2 (1987): 83-89. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200075\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-10 17:41:42','2013-10-10 17:45:42'),(1348,9,220,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>KLIC was a program for text analysis developed in the 1970s by Grace B. Logan of the University of Waterloo Arts Computing Office (Logan 94).</p> <p>Much like Key Word in Context (KWIC) programs produced word concordances, KLIC produced \\\"an alphabetized list of key letters printed under each other in a \\\"gutter\\\" with the graphological context of the word it occurs in printed on either side of it\\\" with individual words \\\"tagged to indicate its frequency of occurrence in each text and manuscript\\\" (94).</p> <p>KLIC was developed to address the problem of analyzing medieval texts, particularly the relationship between pronunciation and spelling found in such texts (Logan 93). For example, \\\"in the Modem English the sons raise meat and the sun\'s rays meet, the two sentences have exactly the same pronunciation but are differentiated in writing\\\" (italics in original) because</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">in medieval texts writing was more strongly motivated to represent speech than to represent grammatical forms. In a medieval text the two sentences cited above might be spelled the same since they are pronounced the same. Nevertheless, no text represents a phonological transcription, and there are further inconsistencies in that the same word may be represented by different spellings. The problem, then, is to determine when these different spellings represent different pronunciations and when they represent different words with the same pronunciation. (93)</p> <p>Grace B. Logan developed KLIC to analyze lists of headwords or unique words generated by Philip H. Smith\'s concordance package (Logan 94). Harry M. Logan found that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The headword includes a \\\"translated\\\" form for proper collation and alphabetizing, the text form and its frequency of occurrence, to which KLIC adds a tag identifying manuscript and text. The \\\"translated\\\" form is necessary to indicate equivalences of letters and positioning in the alphabet, especially when non-alphabetic characters and diacritics are used. Thus, not only can capital letters be equated with their small letter equivalents, but such letters as &thorn; and &eth; can be listed after t in the alphabet and either treated separately or together, depending on the choice of the concordancer. (94)</p> <p>KLIC sorted all words containing the desired letter by the letters appearing to the right of that letter, which made it possible to determine which letters or combinations of letters tend to follow the key letter within the source text (94). The list of sorted words were arranged in the leftmost column of a table, with the frequency of each word provided in the columns to the right (Logan 96). Each text in the corpus analyzed was assigned its own column, enabling direct comparison of word frequencies between texts (96).</p> <p>The KLIC results required cross-referencing with a concordance for word context information, but Harry M. Logan found that even the KLIC results alone were useful for identifying dialect characteristics and differences across texts when applied to Middle English texts (96).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Logan, Harry M. \\\"<span class=\\\"search-match\\\">KLIC</span>: A Computer Aid to Graphological Analysis.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 12.1-2 (1978): 93-96. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199940\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-16 18:43:34','2013-10-16 18:45:05'),(1349,9,215,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>FINNMORF was a computational linguistics reference tool developed in the 1980s by Eugene Holman (Holman 165).</p> <p>Holman wrote FINNMORF in BASIC to generate full paradigms for \\\"virtually any Finnish lexical item which can be declined or conjugated\\\" (165). It ran directly from the operating system on an IBM PC or compatible under MS-DOS (Holman 166).</p> <p>Holman designed FINNMORF to take advantage of the capacity for personal computers to \\\"become a source of specific information about the language being studied\\\" (Holman 165). Holman chose BASIC, which was not commonly used in computational linguistics at the time, to complement this aim (Holman 171). BASIC\'s appeal lay in its string handling capabilities and the fact it permitted developers to create ad hoc variables as needed (171). Most importantly, Holman found that BASIC was so common and easy to learn compared to languages like LISP or SNOBOL4 that, \\\"insofar as a future language teacher or student is going to have any programming experience at all, it is most likely to be with some dialect of BASIC\\\" (171) -- an important consideration for a language modeling tool.</p> <p>It was designed to assist language learning and instruction, and for that reason, \\\"[a]ppropriately programmed, it can provide a powerful alternative to dictionaries, thesauruses, morphological hand-books, and many other traditional ancillaries to foreign-language instruction in CALL\\\" (165) It modeled Finnish morphological forms, taking into account factors unique to the Finnish language:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Three considerations require a reference tool of this type: (1) the paradigm of a Finnish nominal or verb can have several hundred different forms, (2) the Finnish lexicographical tradition is oriented towards Finns learning foreign languages rather than towards foreigners learning Finnish (for this reason neither bilingual nor monolingual Finnish dictionaries normally list principal parts or provide information concerning the morphological behavior of specific entries), and (3) Finnish morphology is characterized by several morphophonemic alternations such as grade alternation, vowel harmony, and assibilation, which can cause the surface forms of a specific lexical stem to diverge from one another sharply. Consequently, students of Finnish as a foreign language acutely need a convenient and quick means of viewing the paradigms of an unfamiliar lexical item and determining its inflectional characteristics. (Holman 165-166)</p> <p>FINNMORPH contained two modules for handling data, FINNVERB, which conjugated verbs, and FINNSUB, which declined nominals, plus a third for returning the user to the operating system (Holman 166). FINNVERB was self-contained, while FINNSUB required eleven separate data files to run (166). Its modules could be run separately or together, and its output could be printed or saved to disk (166). The interface consisted of a menu of options tied to numerical keys (166).</p> <p>Wherever the text contained compound words, FINNMORF required users to insert a slash (/) between the component words as without it, the program could not locate the morpheme boundary (Holman 167). FINNMORF broke down words for processing via string-handling processes, and then generated stems and paradigms for the item:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">After a lexical item is input, the program module in question matches it as a whole against various lists of ambiguous or anomalous lexical items to determine whether more information is needed before the paradigms can be constructed, and then breaks it down into substrings of various sizes to determine whether it is synchronically foreign, and how it behaves with respect to such morpho-phonemic processes as vowel harmony, consonant gradation, and vowel mutations. When these basic characteristics have been determined the program subjects the string to a battery of tests to determine which morphological alternations and which declensional patterns apply to it; strings corresponding to the appropriate stem allomorphs are produced when appropriate. When the entire battery of tests is complete, strings corresponding to the major and minor stems will have been produced, and from these the paradigms are formed by simply adding the endings to the appropriate stem. (167)</p> <p>In Holman\'s estimation, FINNMORF \\\"exemplifies the potential of [the BASIC] programming language for computational linguistics\\\" (Holman 165).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Holman, Eugene. \\\"<span class=\\\"search-match\\\">FINNMORF</span>: A Computerized Reference Tool for Students of Finnish Morphology.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 22.3 (1988):165-172. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200118\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-16 19:50:23','2013-10-16 19:51:40'),(1350,72,356,'Welkin serves as a \\\"telescope\\\" for the RDF data, a tool that lets you understand global shape and cluster characteristics of the data rather than the individual item. Its functions allow not only graphical representation of subject, object and predicate, but also more interactive exploration of the graph. End users are not the audience whose needs Welkin is ready to address. The program caters more for the data and metadata analysts who need to see connectivity of a particular dataset within the whole.  Generally speaking Welkin helps analysts to get the mental model of a dataset. In addition to different graph manipulation Welkin offers different functions for the work with predicates, resources and charts.   ',1,0,0,'2013-10-18 17:28:12','2013-10-30 22:41:23'),(1351,9,219,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>WORDS was a system of content analysis programs developed by Howard P. Iker and associates at the University of Rochester (Cary 129). It was designed to identify major themes within a text without relying on preexisting categorization systems (Iker and Klein 430).</p> <p>The WORDS system was first described in the mid-1960s and was in continuous development over the 1960s and 1970s (Iker and Klein 430). The name WORDS is a mnemonic referring to the collection of programs within the system and \\\"is based upon the pivotal logic of the method itself, viz, that sufficient information exists within the word and within the temporal associations among and between words to allow data-generated elicitation of major content themes and materials\\\" (430). As of 1979, WORDS had been installed in over a dozen facilities across North America and continental Europe, in addition to South America (Cary 130).</p> <p>As a system, WORDS was composed of a collection of compatible and interrelated but otherwise independent programs designed to help users to manage the data flow of their analysis by both passing and receiving data as needed (Iker and Klein 430). It contained a suite of 38 sub-programs, 32 which were available to be called by users, with the remaining 8 designed to be called only by other programs or act as service programs (Cary 129). </p> <p>Each program within WORDS intended for human access was assigned a mnemonic used to call it, such as CLOSE to output data and retrieve any messages generated, or JOIN to concatenate data sets (Iker and Klein 432). Users could set a run of programs and call them in any order (432). WORDS included an associated program, JOBS, which produced diagnostic error messages and assisted users in communicating with the computer\'s operating system, which removed the need for users to learn how to do so themselves (432). JOBS also included five fixed configurations of WORDS programs, to save time for users when calling programs that were usually preceded or followed by particular other programs (432). Iker and Klein described JOBS as</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">our best current attempt to make the use of WORDS a relatively straightforward task requiring a minimum of computer sophistication. It is further developed to minimize the problems of implementing WORDS at installations other than that at which the system was developed. Our experience has been that JOBS can substantially reduce the effect of installation differences through use of its many options and parameters. (432)</p> <p>WORDS used individual words as units of information and divided the text according to units of time, segments of a specified length, paragraphs or other similar divisions (Iker and Klein 430). Within a text\'s divisions, WORDS determined word frequencies and frequencies of word correlations to develop an intercorrelation matrix and systematically locate common word groups (430). It was designed specifically to avoid dependency on predetermined categories or dictionaries, and instead to generate its own thematic \\\"centroids\\\" (430). According to Iker and his colleague Robert H. Klein, this design approach was a deliberate response to research findings:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Our research has demonstrated that these word groups both represent and indentify the major content themes in the raw data. Elaboration and analysis of these thematic data can then be conducted by using such methods as cluster of factor scoring to locate and inspect highly saturated sections of the raw data, by configurational analyses to examine changes in content profile patternings in different portions of the data, and so on. (430)</p> <p>WORDS worked by manipulating words statistically and handled words individually while also associating metadata about that word such its location, the part of speech it represents, or the speaker (Iker and Klein 431). It separated words and punctuation marks into an independent standardized record with 10 pieces of associated metadata (431).</p> <p>Users were required to prepare the text before processing (431). Preparation entailed selecting an observational unit, such as paragraphs, or segments split by time such as one minute\'s worth data (431). Iker and Klein found units of one minute particularly useful for psychotherapy data (431), though their 1974 paper does not indicate whether units of time refer to how much the computer can process in that span, or an equivalent quantity of spoken language, or a specific number of sentences or words. Users then needed to assign a unique number to each unit and transfer the data onto punched cards (431). For each card, contractions needed to be expanded into separate words, proper nouns flagged by preceding them with \'$\', and quotation marks either removed or replaced with double apostrophes (431). All text on a given card had to belong to the same segment, though the segment could span as many cards as needed (431).</p> <p>Iker and his colleagues developed WORDS in PL/I, and as of the 1974 edition it would run on</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">an IBM S/360 Model 50 (or higher) computer with at least 256K bytes of available core, which operates under full OS, has a PLII compiler of LevelS or greater, and has available a 2314 disk device or interchangeable counterpart. If these requirements can be satisfied, WORDS can be implemented at the target installation. The project has several memoranda which detail specific requirements; they are available on request. (Iker and Klein 437).</p> <p>Charles D. Cary, who reviewed WORDS for <em>Computers in the Humanities</em> in 1979, found that WORDS required a specialist to install it and assist with any problems encountered in its use (Cary 130). Cary recommended that users of the WORDS system be familiar with operating packaged programs, and have a basic understanding of statistics, as this experience would \\\"help to make sense out of what is happening during the content analysis and to interpret the results\\\" (130).</p> <p>Indeed, WORDS required a large investment of time despite efforts to make it as simple as possible (Iker and Klein 437). While not \\\"intolerably difficult\\\", Iker and Klein</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">wish[ed] to stress that one should not expect to make use of the system as though it could be acquired in one day, run up on the target computer on the next, and put into operation on the third. Understanding the interrelationship among and between programs, learning to use the JOBS program, making changes to satisfy installation differences by appropriate option and parameter changes, all require substantial amounts of time. While the project itself sets no constraints on potential users, we have always advised interested researchers to consider carefully whether they wish to invest the time to learn to use WORDS effectively. (437)</p> <p>Iker and Klein emphasized the value of WORDS as a research tool despite the challenges of using it. In their view,</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">[t]he asset of WORDS is that the themes and content areas it produces are much richer, more detailed, and, by definition, more in tune with the original data than those which would be produced by the sole use of a priori category systems. At the same time, one of the liabilities of WORDS is that these results are inevitably defined in the words of the speaker. This is a reasonable characteristic so long as WORDS is used to describe solely the data base under analysis. When, however, one tries to generalize from one set of data to another, to compare one data base with another, even to compare two separate analyses on different parts of the same data, substantial problems can arise, because the results are difficult to put onto a common measuring dimension or set of dimensions. (Iker and Klein 436)</p> <p>From the user\'s perspective, Cary found the manual detailed, with over 200 pages of material. He noted its seven-point write-up for each user-called program, the full listing of the diagnostic messages produced in response to system errors, a glossary of data processing terms as used in the manual, and example configurations of the user-called programs for content analysis (Cary 130). The manual also included installation memoranda and listed a variety of texts describing the system and research applying it (Cary 129). Though WORDS was designed for use with English text, Cary found that researchers had applied it to Russian, French and a South African dialect, Chichewa and that it could be applied to additional languages as long as the text used the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals (Cary 130).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Cary, Charles D. \\\"Software Review: A User\'s View of WORDS.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 13.2 (1979): 129-30. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02404509\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Iker, Howard P. and Robert H. Klein. \\\"WORDS: A Computer System for the Analysis of Content.\\\" <em>Behavior Research Methods &amp; Instrumentation</em> 6.4 (1974): 430-438. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03200396\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-22 18:39:26','2013-10-22 18:42:24'),(1352,9,216,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>WordCruncher was a microcomputer concordance program for manipulating large text corpora developed by the Electronic Text Corporation in the late 1980s (Olsen 255).</p> <p>According to Mark Olsen, who reviewed the program for <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>, \\\"WordCruncher is a renamed and slightly updated version of the successful Brigham Young University Concordance Program (4.0)\\\" that included rewritten documentation and improvements on the original (255).</p> <p>The 1987 version of WordCruncher consisted of two sub-programs, INDEXETC and VIEWETC (Olsen 256). From a plain text input file, INDEXETC created files with cross references, a word list and word frequencies, while VIEWETC used INDEXETC output to concord the specified words, generate word frequency and distribution reports, and index both key word in context (KWIC) and key word out-of-context data for the text (256). Users were required to specify which control codes WordCruncher should use to partition the text into sections for identification before processing, or WordCruncher would default to book, chapter and paragraph partitioning (256). Alternate divisions included page and line (Olsen 256).</p> <p>INDEXETC also included translation tables, which specified word sort orders, character attributes and character translations for use users\' texts, and stopword files (256). WordCruncher defaulted to English for these, but alternate languages such as French and German were also included with the program (256). The translation tables enabled users to specify which characters to treat as separators, to automate character substitutions where required, and define the desired sort order for the tool\'s output (256). While INDEXETC could embed code into ASCII texts automatically, its capabilities were sufficiently limited that Olsen expected most users would resort to insert coding manually or through their own customized coding program to ensure the program handled all aspects of the text as required (256).</p> <p>VIEWETC permitted users to query output, such as looking up words, parts of words or phrases (Olsen 257). It also included features for underlining or highlighting parts of the text (257). This part of WordCruncher utilized a windows-based interface, enabling users to not only have multiple windows open but to customize the display for each one as needed (257). Lookup could be accomplished either by typing directly or by selecting a word from the provided list, which also showed the number of occurrences for each searchable item (257).</p> <p>VIEWETC\'s collocation program was particularly powerful as it generated a table with the total occurrences of a word, its co-occurrences within a specified range and also listed valid cases (257). For word occurrences, users could specify ranges of texts to include, so that users could compare results between sections of their corpus (Olsen 258). Users could create reference lists of multiple words to include in a concordance report (Olsen 257). The lists feature enabled users to concord inflections of a single word (257), or related words, such as legal terms or pronouns, all in the same report (Olsen 258).</p> <p>The interface was a major part of WordCruncher\'s appeal. Olsen found that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">[t]he user interface is sensible and remains consistent between the two programs. Display screens are usually well laid out, are easy to read and can be tailored to individual tastes. This aspect is important since both programs deliver a lot of information, even during long processing periods, and are completely menu-driven. Once the command structure is mastered, the programs are manipulated quickly and efficiently. (Olsen 255)</p> <p>WordCruncher was capable of manipulating large text corpora exceeding 250 megabytes, though it required a computer with a CD-ROM drive to handle such texts (Olsen 255).</p> <p>Olsen identified several problems with WordCruncher, all of which he judged minor (Olsen 260). He found its reference section confusing, as the VIEWETC section was arranged by command name in defiance of its menu-driven interface, and INDEXETC was arranged by file name, which Olsen found \\\"opaque\\\" (260). He also noted a few bugs, one of which caused menus to display briefly even when not in use, and another that monopolized the computer\'s printer port, preventing other programs from sending jobs to the printer correctly unless the user reset the machine (260). The INDEXETC subprogram was furthermore incompatible with some memory-resident utilities to the point that INDEXETC \\\"will fail on start\\\" (260). Lastly, Olsen found WordCruncher\'s output less readable than its previous version, the BYU Concordance, as highlighted target words could now appear anywhere in the line rather than the program automatically centering them in the display (260).</p> <p>Despite his concerns with the presentation order, Olsen found the documentation thorough, including a list of error messages, explanations of error codes with troubleshooting recommendations, textbase design help and a frequently asked questions section (260). The commands and procedures were clearly explained and accompanied with examples and illustrations (260).</p> <p>Olsen \\\"enthusiastically recommended [WordCruncher] to scholars requiring a concordance system as well as a more general text retrieval system\\\" (Olsen 255). As a whole, he judged that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">[WordCruncher] is, with very minor exceptions, well finished. It incorporates a powerful concording system with more general search and retrieval capabilities. Married to mass storage technologies now reaching the microcomputer market, it offers an intriguing method of organizing and analyzing text on a large scale. The promise of large bodies of text for scholarly use on WordCruncher only adds potential to this impressive product. (Olsen 260)</p> <p><em>NOTE:</em> WordCruncher has been in active development since the 1980s. The current version is maintained by Brigham Young University and now includes four separate tools. It is freely available for download from <a href=\\\"http://www.wordcruncher.com\\\">http://www.wordcruncher.com</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Olsen, Mark. \\\"Software Review: Textbase for Humanities Applications: WordCruncher.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 21.4 (1987): 255-260. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30207396\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a></p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-22 18:59:42','2014-02-18 21:30:41'),(1353,9,223,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>SELECT was a tool for multivariate reduction (MVR), a method of factor or cluster analysis of text, developed by Howard P. Iker in the 1970s (Iker, \\\"Statistical Results\\\" 131). </p> <p>SELECT emerged from the development of Iker\'s WORDS system, which could not include an effective MVR function due to its intensive computational demands (313). WORD also didn\'t include synonymization as it was too difficult to implement, required too much processing time, and imposed a need for the very a priori categorization systems WORDS was intended to avoid (Iker, \\\"Statistical Results\\\" 313).</p> <p>The multivariate reduction technique that became SELECT was originally intended for WORDS, but Iker and his colleagues found that \\\"the technique has implications for any attempt to determine word groupings that uses word contiguities for primary data\\\" (Iker, \\\"Substantive Results\\\" 3). It addressed a gap in WORDS\' processing by selecting the words within a text with the highest correlation sums for inclusion in an Inter-Correlational Matrix (ICM) and MVR analysis (Iker, \\\"Statistical Results\\\" 315). The name SELECT derived from its method, which \\\"is to <em>S</em>um and <em>E</em>valuate the <em>L</em>argest <em>E</em>xponentiated <em>C</em>orrelation <em>T</em>erms from the ICM\\\" (315). </p> <p>SELECT used statistics to determine word correlations within a text, relying on linguistic redundancy to accomplish its MVR analysis (3):</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">In brief, a computer program, SELECT, is applied to all word types remaining after removal of function words and lemmatization. SELECT works (1) by computing the absolute correlation between a pair of words, (2) setting the correlation to zero if it is statistically nonsignificant, (3) exponentiating the correlation in order to emphasize high coefficients, (4) adding this value to sum cells corresponding to the two words correlated, and (5) continuing this procedure until all possible pairwise word combinations have been examined. On completion, the 215 highest \\\"correlating\\\" words (the largest number of variables currently used in the WORDS System) are selected for MVR analysis. This method is under study as an alternative to choosing for analysis the 215 highest frequency words - regardless of their associational structure. (Iker, \\\"Substantive Results\\\" 3)</p> <p>The design of SELECT was intended to improve the results possible with the MVR techniques used in WORDS, particularly its value to extracting themes from a text (3). With respect to linguistic redundancy, Iker judged that \\\"[i]f the same basic content materials can be identified by different words, then a procedure can be devised to maximize the identification, discrimination, richness, etc., of these themes by choosing \\\"better\\\" words without having to worry about losing those themes which would have been identified were the words different\\\" (3).</p> <p>In Iker\'s opinion, SELECT was successful within the context of WORDS for two reasons:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">(1) it allows a totally objective, associationally sensible, and reasonably efficient method for selecting the best word subset for analysis; (2) the words it does select afford a much better set of content themes for description of the data base under analysis. These themes are \\\"better\\\" because they are richer, more interpretable, and more easily discriminated from each other, and they constitute better descriptions of the data. (Iker, \\\"Substantive Results\\\" 319)</p> <p>When he overviewed SELECT\'s results, Iker found that they \\\"parallel those produced by frequency-based word selection,\\\" but were easier to interpret and distinguish than thematic results generated from frequency data (Iker, \\\"Statistical Results\\\" 12).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Iker, Howard P. \\\"SELECT: A Computer Program to Identify Associationally Rich Words for Content Analysis. I. Statistical Results.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>. 8.5-6 (1974): 313-319. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199711\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Iker, Howard P. \\\"SELECT: A Computer Program to Identify Associationally Rich Words for Content Analysis. II. Substantive Results.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>. 9.1 (1975): 3-12. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199732\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-30 20:47:54','2013-10-30 20:49:25'),(1354,72,356,'<p>Welkin is a free open source graph &ndash; based RDF visualizer created by the SIMILE project and originally written by Stefano Mazzocchi&nbsp;and Paolo Ciccarese. Welkin serves as a \\\"telescope\\\" for the RDF data. It lets you understand global shape and cluster characteristics of the data rather than just a single RDF statement. It allows not only graphical representation of subject, object and predicate, but also more interactive exploration of the graph.</p> <p>The program caters to data and metadata analysts who need to see connectivity within a particular dataset within the whole. Generally speaking Welkin helps analysts to get the mental model of a dataset. The options for manipulation with RDF data visualization are available. Welkin offers different functions for the work with predicates, resources and charts. To be more specific the program shows each predicate contained in the loaded RDF model and grouped by their URI common prefixes and tokens as well as two widgets associated with each of them. &nbsp;</p> <p>Welkin is fast with immediate interactivity. Welkin&rsquo;s developers position interactivity as a crucial component for understanding complex data models. In its developers&rsquo; view it&rsquo;s much harder to do panning and zooming on statistically drawn graphs and that&rsquo;s why Welkin&rsquo;s interactivity is a definite advantage for analysts.</p> <p>Welkin&rsquo;s visualization represents RDF statements as dots and lines. With the effort to reduce clutter developers built visualization in a way that smaller dots represent objects while larger dots stand for those resources that were used at least once as a subject.&nbsp; Developers explain such visualization choice by the fact that &ldquo;object nodes are normally more numerous and, in the sense, that they are just referenced by the loaded model, as only&nbsp;<em>subject</em>&nbsp;nodes are actually described in the mode.&rdquo;</p> <p>Developers strive to achieve efficiency both in performance and visualization. Despite the fact that there can be two different predicates between the same resources Welkin displays only one of them in one line. As it mentions the website Welkin&rsquo;s team is currently designing the options to be able to display multiple predicates on the graph as well as allow mouseover &ndash; like effects to visualize the predicate values in the future. Although RDF models can be directed Welkin works with direction arrows of the predicates turned off to increase operational efficiency.</p> <p>Welkin\'s developers recommend running Welkin through Java WebStart (to install Java WebStart you&rsquo;ll need first to get the latest version of the Java Runtime Environment from the official website of Java). Omitting slightly complicated process of downloading and running the program in general Welkin has a good set of functions for metadata analysts working with complex data models. The possibility of working with multiple predicates makes this tool especially good.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-30 22:41:08','2013-10-31 20:14:33'),(1355,72,357,'<p>LodLive is an experimental project whose goal is to create a tool that could offer RDF browser connection capabilities with data graph representation. Working as an open source program under MIT license LodLive is available for use under the conditions of Creative Commons. Designed by a team of independent developers from Italy - Diego Valerio Camarda,&nbsp;Silvia Mazzini&nbsp;and&nbsp;Alessandro Antonuccio -&nbsp;the program is still in its developmental stage.</p> <p>LodLive is written mostly in JavaScript. The program\'s purpose is to advance the linked-open-data philosophy into the DH community. The program especially calls for data administrators and large data owners to add their resources to LodLive and share them. There are no specific strict technology requirements to run the program, all you need is internet connection and latest up-dated browsers.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>LodLive is the first navigator that uses RDF resources based solely on SPARQL endpoints. As a very user-friendly tool LodLive advocates for the linked-open-data philosophy and the effectiveness of data graph representation. LodLive consists of a jQuery plug-in (lodlive-core.js), a JSON configuration map (lodlive-profile.js), an HTML page, a few images (sprites), and some other jQuery public plug-ins. The program invites Public Administrations and large&ndash;scale data owners to share their resources on LOD. Although LodLive is still in its developmental stage the project already runs 2 big datasets which are dbpedia.org and freebase.com.</p> <p>After choosing the dataset and selecting the keyword, shows &nbsp;big circles surrounded by some smaller circles. You can browse the data by clicking any of the circles and can see the links to the page associated with the word of search. Trying to find something about Canada I came across this visualization:</p> <p>The big blue circle is the main endpoint offering links to other endpoints. By clicking one of the smaller blue circles this way, I moved myself to another end point &ndash; the big yellow circle again with smaller circles. You can see the elements of semantic web that help user to navigate through the associations and meanings in the search. From the term Canada I managed to come to Parliament of Canada and the program helped me to understand the meaning of it &ndash; location and meeting place. The next step was to know the associations LodLive built with Parliament of Canada. These connects were numerous and important point is that all those links and web page search results were in different languages. If you look at Canada bubble it&rsquo;s in English, Chinese, French, Russian, Italian etc.: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>In a very simple way users can find interesting data just searching by any particular key word. The funny thing is the search can work just the opposite way - starting from URI input and going deeper into keywords on the webpage of database.&nbsp; Despite the seeming ease of use LodLive is not that simple and superficial. It&rsquo;s not just about browsing the resources. You can see a bubble of Settings in each of the circles. This bubble open pane with features for user to work with the resources. Those features are Information on the resource; Focus on the resource; Access the online resource; Expand related resources and Remove this box. After playing with LodLive I can completely agree with the idea program creators advance for DH community &ndash; &ldquo;resources published by W3C standards for the semantic web can be made easily accessible and legible with a few viable tools.&rdquo; It&rsquo;s really easy to browse the web of data with LodLive.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-30 23:09:14','2013-10-31 20:17:18'),(1356,9,221,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>LEXICO was \\\"an interactive system which assists lexicographers in storing, editing, and concording texts; lemmatizing word lists; and generating slips\\\" developed in the 1970s by Richard L. Venezky of the University of Delaware and Nathan Relles and Lynne Price of the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Venezky, Relles and Price 127).</p> <p>The LEXICO system began development in the early 1970s (Venezky, Relles and Price 137). It was originally designed as research tool for exploring different computerized approaches for lexical processing, but as of 1977 had become a user system (Venezky, Relles and Price 127). It was installed at the Madison Academic Computing Center at the University of Wisconsin, and had been applied to projects such as a stylistic analysis of Modern French literature and text processing for the Dictionary of Old English (127). Its slips, analogous to file cards, were particularly useful for compiling dictionary entries as they encoded words with their lemma, context and information about their source (127). As a user-oriented system, LEXICO was intended to be accessible to users regardless of skill level, and to provide the appropriate level of assistance as needed (127).</p> <p>LEXICO was developed to run on mainframe and networked computers (Venezky, Relles and Price 136). Venezky, Relles and Price indicated, however, that if they were to start the project over again, they would include microcomputers for certain tasks (Venezky, Relles and Price 137). At the time of initial development, they found FORTRAN to be the only high-level programming language suitable for implementing it (Venezky, Relles and Price 136). As of 1977, LEXICO</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">requires a minimum of 100k of core storage, a remote terminal, and minimal random access, secondary storage...[t]he system consists of 20 separately executable subsystems (programs), composed of 285 distinct functional modules (subroutines). The entire system contains about 28,000 lines of code, 95% of which are FORTRAN, the remainder assembly language; this is equivalent to about 100,000 machine instructions. (136)</p> <p>The system was developed to meet six goals: A) The system should be unified with consistent methods of accomplishing tasks and responses to user requests; B) Users should not need to understand the computer\'s operating system, file formats and so forth to successfully complete their tasks; C) Users should be able to flexibly and easily to specify tasks in a manner that minimizes the potential for user error; D) The system should have default values that reduce the need for user declarations; E) The system should be easy to maintain with minimal additional programming; F) Design decision should take into account user cost and minimize its expense (Venezky, Relles and Price 127-128).</p> <p>As a system, LEXICO enabled users to process a text or collections of texts (Venezky, Relles and Price 128). A collection included a directory identifying and describing the text, some elements of which could be defined as defaults applying to all texts in the user\'s collection (128). Users specified tasks with LEXICO\'s command language, with keywords corresponding to the type of task and method of execution, in addition to a declared endpoint (128). They could also enter commands corresponding to user aids, such as explaining an error or question, viewing an example or viewing the system menu, which showed all commands permissible for the given task (Venezky, Relles and Price 128-129).</p> <p>To process a given collection, LEXICO required users to define a sequence of processes, which may include</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">1. creation of a collection and, optionally, definition of collection default values; 2. entry of one or more texts into the collection, optionally producing a listing of each text; 3. correction of errors in texts (editing); 4. concording texts; 5. formation of a headword classification (lemmatization) process for the collection by definition of spelling conversions and base form -- text form associations; 6. headword classification of the words that occur in texts, producing, for each text, a listing of the headword (base form) associated with each text form; 7. deletion of texts from the collection; and 8. deletion of the collection from the system (after all processing is complete). (Venezky, Relles and Price 128)</p> <p>Users interacted with the system from a remote terminal, from which some tasks could be completed on demand, while others were so processing intensive that they were performed externally at a computing center, requiring the user to add their job to a queue and retrieve printouts some time later (128).</p> <p>Venezky, Relles and Price compared LEXICO to its contemporaries. They noted that, while LEXICO shares concordance generation functionality with JEUDEMO, it could not match JEUDEMO\'s stylistic analysis capabilities, such as word-pattern searching (Venezky, Relles and Price 137). At the same time, JEUDEMO could not match LEXICO\'s collection management, spelling conversion or lemmatization (137). They also note that LEXICO had specialized lexicographic functions missing in EYEBALL, SCAN and RATS, but that they were better suited for phrase handling and grammatical parsing due to their origins in literary computing (137).</p> <p>Venezky\'s team was still gathering data on how well their design criteria had been met at the time of writing, though they had logged several hundred hours of user interactions (137). That said, they found that \\\"[t]he system permits a unique symbiosis of user and computer. Lemmatization...is too time-consuming to be achieved by human effort alone and too ill-defined to allow complete algorithmic specification\\\" (137).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Venezky, Richard L, Nathan Relles and Lynne Price. \\\"LEXICO: A System for Lexicographic Processing.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 11.3 (1977): 127-137. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199877\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-10-31 20:04:56','2013-10-31 20:07:01'),(1357,9,258,'The Crawdad homepage and documentation is down as of November 2013.',1,0,0,'2013-11-06 19:02:07','2013-12-09 20:21:10'),(1358,72,122,'<p>Cytoscape is a platform for network visualization and analysis. The latest version, Cytoscape 3.0.1, is the result of a long-running collaborative project involving numerous developers and funding agencies across the globe. The team of core developers resides mainly at the University of California and is funded by the US National Institute of General Medical Sciences and the National Resource for Network Biology.</p> <p>The program was first designed for bioinformatic systems, and many of the people involved in the project have background in biology. The key goals of the program are visualization of molecular interaction networks and biological pathways as well as integration of these networks with annotations, gene expression profiles and other state data. Cytoscape has been used to analyze data from a variety of fields beyond biomedical research, such as network analysis, the semantic web or the social sciences.Cytoscape is a Java application and runs on the Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X platforms. UNIX platforms such as Solaris and FreeBSD can run Cytoscape with Java version 5 or later. The program is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License.</p> <p>Cytoscape has numerous features, distributed for free through the Cytoscape App Store. Its latest version includes a flexible toolbar for quick access to common actions, new Data Table controls to interface with the data, integrated support for graphical annotations in networks, support for independent sets of networks within a single session, advanced network and table import controls, improved architecture and an API for a more stable experience. Cytoscape can be downloaded as an automatic installation package for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux, or as a compressed archive. The source code is also available for download. It&rsquo;s important to notice that Cytoscape requires registration to download the program or the code.</p> <p>Cytoscape\'s strengths include its ability to support several languages for the data files including Eastern Asian languages using two-byte characters, English and many others. It also has a function that allows users to encode any attribute of their data (such as name, type, degree, weight or expression data) as a visual property (such as color, size, transparency, or font type). These encoded attributes together form a&nbsp;<strong>Visual Style</strong>&nbsp;that can be used to customize the visual appearance of the network. As a program with many rich functions it looks challenging, but thanks to a very clear and detailed online manual it ran quite smoothly afterwards. The manual on Cytoscape&rsquo;s website is really helpful in case you are either a newbie or guru in the network visualization. The manual gives detailed description of all the functions and capabilities of the program. It answered almost all the questions I had in the process of installation and running the program. &nbsp;</p> <p>To summarize the review of Cytoscape I&rsquo;d like to mention some more features that make the program really valuable for in depth visualization analysis. First of all it&rsquo;s flexibility of working with visualization. Visualizations are dynamic allowing users to interact with them. Additionally it&rsquo;s the ability to support import/export standard file formats. Also you can export networks as publishiable-quality images in PDF, PS, SVG, PNG, JPEG, and BMP files. &nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2013-11-08 18:04:38','2014-02-18 18:47:44'),(1359,9,374,'<p>For more information about the CMU-Cambridge Statistical Language Modelling Toolkit, please see the following paper by its creators:</p> <p>Clarkson, P. R. and R. Rosenfeld. \\\"Statistical Language Modeling Using the CMU-Cambridge Toolkit<em>.\\\"</em> <em>Proceedings of the ESCA Eurospeech</em>, 1997. <a href=\\\"http://svr-www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~prc14/eurospeech97.ps\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-12-05 20:26:20','2013-12-05 20:28:32'),(1360,9,317,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>PRORA was an early set of interconnected programs developed by Robert J. Glickman and Gerrit J. Staalman of the University of Toronto for creating concordances and word indexes with the assistance of a computer (Burton 139).</p> <p>It was written in FORTRAN IV, SPS and MAP (Burton 146) and required an IBM 026 Keypunch with a FORTRAN keyboard, chosen as the devices most commonly available in North American universities (Glickman 5). Its name derived from an abbreviation of Programs for Research on Romance Authors, but despite its original focus on texts in Romance languages, Glickman and Staalman stressed that PRORA was also applicable to texts in any language written in the Latin alphabet, such as Dutch, Czech or Finnish (1). For texts with characters not available on the FORTRAN keyboard, PRORA implemented special codes to accommodate them (Glickman 5). This included characters with diacritic marks, such as in Spanish and Italian texts (Glickman 7).</p> <p>PRORA emerged from the tension between the benefits and drawbacks of concording texts by computer (Glickman 1). Despite the clear speed advantages of computer versus manual concordance, the need for users to have special training in computer programming and techniques was a deterrent to humanities scholars, while the need to pre-edit their data for best results meant less time available for analyzing the output (1). Furthermore, the characters available on computers were limited, as computers of the time were designed with scientific rather than literary applications in mind (Glickman 2). Glickman and Staalman believed that \\\"intervention by the scholar should be limited to decision-making in the scholar\'s own field of competency\\\" (Glickman and Staalman 1), and as such, PRORA was designed to meet eight aims:</p> <ol> <li style=\\\"list-style-type: none;\\\"><ol> <li>To provide a complete set of computer programs that can be executed by a part-time production assistant without the scholar\'s intervention.</li> <li>To simplify encoding techniques so that it will be as easy to prepare literary texts for machine processing as it is to copy those texts on a typewriter.</li> <li>To print literary texts in such a way that they will contain all necessary upper- and lower-case characters, diacritics, punctuation marks, and special signs; and to produce those texts in formats that will meet the particular needs of their users.</li> <li>To reduce the overall size of concordances, while substantially increasing the amount of context around each concorded word.</li> <li>To enable concordence-users physically to change the order of contexts as often as they wish.</li> <li>To establish a set of post-editing routines that will eliminate the need for complex pre-editing of the corpus.</li> <li>To facilitate the creation, modification, and augmentation of a master reference file containing all words of research interest.</li> <li>To make it possible to compile various types of word-index and to print each index in upper- and lower-case form. (Glickman 4)</li> </ol></li> </ol> <p>Glickman and Staalman released their \\\"Manual for the Printing of Literary Texts and Concordances by Computer\\\" in 1966, describing PRORA\'s functions and use (Glickman and Staalman 1). At this time, PRORA consisted of three programs (Glickman and Staalman 2). PRORA I converted a tape stored on IBM punch cards to a record on tape, PRORA II used that tape record to print out the text in a \'standard\' format, and PRORA III printed the record in a \'special\' format optimized for concordance (2).</p> <p>PRORA III\'s special format included page numbers and coding information, namely index number, book, part and line number (Glickman and Staalman 9). It printed on cards that had to be placed in a specialized binder for browsing (Glickman and Staalman 13). To examine instances of a particular word, users had to consult the word index for the text, which required PRORA V to print, and manually pull out all the cards where the word appeared (Glickman and Staalman 15). </p> <p>PRORA IV-VI were projected, not available, at the time of the manual\'s publication (Lieberman 12). PRORA VI would \\\"to construct and update a master tape-file of all words appearing in a given text or group of texts\\\" (Glickman and Staalman 15). It would also include functions for adding lemma to each word, translations of a word in context, variants from other editions of the text, and for directly inserting analytical data (Glickman and Staalman 15-16). PRORA VI would also generate a Vertical List, compare words from the PRORA I tape to the Master Reference File, and print words according to the order of their appearance alongside their lemma and function (Glickman 17). PRORA V would be a means of retrieving and arranging information from PRORA IV\'s master tape, extending beyond generating word indexes into dictionaries and frequency lists (Glickman and Staalman 16). The index function used a version of PRORA\'s Vertical List that had been edited to include only those words of interest (Glickman 18). Finally, PRORA VI would generate a complete or partial concordance from the master tape (Glickman and Staalman 16). </p> <p>PRORA was favourably received by its audience. In 1966, David Lieberman reviewed the manual for Computers in the Humanities, with the final assessment that \\\"[t]his manual should be of great interest not only to a literary scholar interested in using the program described therein, but to anyone actively working with computer aids to literary text analysis\\\" (Lieberman 12). He particularly drew attention to the care with which Glickman and Staalman described the limitations of the system in relation to the available hardware, and why they implemented the solutions they did (12). The only drawback Lieberman noted was the lack of information on program runtimes (12).</p> <p>It was also still in discussion fifteen years later, appearing in Dolores M. Burton\'s 1981 article \\\"Automated Concordances and Word Indexes: The Process, The Programs, and the Products.\\\" Burton found PRORA notable for \\\"its clarity and its humanistic orientation\\\" (Burton 146). </p> <p>In light of Lieberman and Burton\'s assessments, PRORA was successful at smoothing the path of scholars wishing to create computer-assisted concordances, and as a fulfilment of Glickman and Staalman\'s aim of providing</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">a series of computer programs designed primarily for scholars who work in the fields of literature and linguistics; who have little or no knowledge of how computers operate, but who would utilize computer technology if it were possible to do so without sacrificing their own research time in order to learn the details of computer science. (Glickman and Staalman 1).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Burton, Dolores M. \\\"Automated Concordances and Word Indexes: The Process, The Programs, and the Products.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.3 (1981): 139-154. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02404180.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <div class=\\\"comment-desc\\\"> <p>Glickman, Robert Jay. \\\"An Integrated Series of Computer Programs for Literary Research.<em>\\\" MLA, Conference 16</em>, 27 Dec. 1965.</p> <p>Glickman, Robert Jay and Gerrit Joseph Staalman. <em>Manual for the Printing of Literary Texts and Concordances by Computer: Preliminary Edition</em>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1966).</p> <p>Lieberman, David. \\\"Reviews.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 1.1 (1966): 12. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00188014\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> </div>',1,0,0,'2013-12-19 23:42:48','2013-12-19 23:44:55'),(1361,72,364,'<p>Visual Browser is a free tool developed by Masaryk University Natural Language Processing Centre with the goal to visualize the data in RDF scheme. The software is provided under NLP Centre Web Services Licence and GNU GPL Licence version 2. One can download the source codes after requesting the password from Masaryk University representative.</p> <p>Visual Browser can be operated very easily in Java command line. Important note to keep in mind is that it requires Jena framework to obtain the data. Developers explain that this integration gives possibility for saving RDF in various formats, for instance XML file or relational database. Besides packaged version there is Visual Browser Mini that works as a Java Applet directly from the web browser. A very useful feature of the tool is an option to load own data from file, a database (MySQL and Postgre SQL) or an URL. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p> <p>The tool&rsquo;s visualization uses the methods of animated expansions. Users can expand and hide nodes, switch the view of edges. Visual Browser&rsquo;s visualization engine is powered by TouchGraph LLC and supports navigation approach of WebOFDAV. The user interface is pretty simple which makes it very easy to work with visualization. Such functions available within the user interface as View the labels, history and clue make Visual Browser a good tool for getting statistics about the data, for example by clicking Display clue one can see many important characteristics of the data &ndash; the form of the word, its functions, the literal, involved agent etc.&nbsp; The graphs provided by Visual Browser are animated containing the fixed points (nodes) and elastic connections (edges). This feature is good in case a user wants to focus on a specific part of the network or research a particular issue in the context of the whole data.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2013-12-20 19:29:35','2013-12-20 19:29:35'),(1362,72,360,'<p>Prefuse was developed by University of California Berkeley\'s Visualization Lab to facilitate the visual representation of data through spatial position, size, shape, color and other visual features. The software package is available for free and works under the terms of a BSD (Berkeley Standard Distribution) license. So far Prefuse got a wide use in the academic and industrial research, software development as well as school projects.&nbsp;</p> <p>Prefuse is operated in an integrated development environment Eclipse using Java programming language with some features of 2D computer graphics. The set of functions for interaction with data is quite rich. The data structures that Prefuse supports are tables, graphs and trees. The visualization nature of Prefuse is very dynamic and includes numerous possible operations with data including support for queries to SQL databases. But the zest of Prefuse is in its interactive filtering of data, view transformation and animation. In the user interface of final visualization one can choose the proper view of its data based on such parameters as connectivity filter with a possibility to set distance among nodes and edges, a degree of force simulation for dynamic layout and animation of the data. Prefuse seems to be a very convenient tool in case one wants to play with different visual forms of the data, for instance the tree structure of the data can be divided into balanced tree or diamond tree.</p> <p>Although Prefuse user interface seems to be pretty easy the successful work with the program requires substantial knowledge of Eclipse, otherwise it can be hard to get the best performance results out of the program. The software seems to be a really good one in terms of visual abstraction. But as the program does the biggest part of your work it doesn&rsquo;t seem to provide a big room for the visual fantasy of the user. The animation is really strong, sometimes to the point of annoyance when you need to struggle with non stop moving spots on the screen of your visualization. Such visual components as layout parameters, color, size, distortion and animation add value to Prefuse as a good program for data visualization. Another feature such as text search support for prefix, keyword, and regular expression helps for better orientation within the text. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2013-12-20 19:32:05','2013-12-20 19:32:05'),(1363,72,363,'<p>RDF Gravity was developed by Salzburg Research, Knowledge Information Systems Group, Austria. The main purpose of the tool is to provide visualization of RDF/OWL graphs and ontologies. The software is available free of charge under the license of Salzburg Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH.<br /> <br /> RDF Gravity was developed by using the JUNG Graph API and Jena semantic web toolkit. In addition to the resilient graph user interface there is a big variety of functions for customizable graph views. Graph filtering seemed to me one of the most notable features as it allows a lot of flexibility in working with data visualization. Local and Global filter panels make visualization easily manageable. For instance Global Filters can give more generic view of the data. By selecting &ldquo;subClassOf&rdquo; one can see that the detailed edge relations visible before were automatically hidden. It&rsquo;s possible to manipulate the graph in a reverse manner to focus on more specific description of edges and concepts. The availability of such filters makes data visualization very flexible to work with. In addition to applying different filters there is another helpful feature &ndash; a good selection of nodes to be displayed.&nbsp;</p> <p>Despite user&ndash;friendliness of RDF Gravity there are some pitfalls in running the program. The program can be opened with \'Java Web Start\' and seems to load everything but then won\'t launch the app due to some unsigned entry issue. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2013-12-20 19:34:30','2013-12-20 19:34:30'),(1364,72,366,'<p>RelFinder is part of the Visual DataWeb family. The tool enables users to track relationships between given objects in the interactive visualization. RelFinder supports any RDF datasets, provides SPARQL access and operates within open source framework Adobe Flex. The user audience of the tool is quite variable starting from data analysts in such humanities spheres like history, language studies as well as non-humanities areas like biomedical research and others. The tool is web &ndash; based, hosted on Google Code and available under GNU General Public License.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Like any other tool of Visual DataWeb set RelFinder works with minimal technical requirements and offers intuitive user interface. The integrated datasets of the tool include DBpedia, LinkedMDB, Linked Movie database, Linking Open Data (LOD) and Semantic Web Dog Food. All of them can be easily found and linked to through the user interface in the Settings. It&rsquo;s good to note that successful running of RelFinder, especially if you want to extract data from DBpedia requires Flash Player to be installed in your browser. The tool can be really helpful for those working with knowledge bases and willing to understand the relationships between any objects of interest. A good point in favor of RelFinder that you can make input of any kind of object you are interested in. For example I made a query of Alberta and British Columbia. Visualization of the relationships between objects works pretty smoothly and quickly. A very useful feature of the user interface is its presentation area. The biggest part of the interface is devoted to the visualization representation for the purpose of better readability. According to the developers there are certain principles put into visualization mechanisms to make it specially user &ndash; friendly. The subject &ndash; predicate &ndash; object schema allows user to see the relationships of the objects on the micro and macro levels simultaneously. User &ndash; given objects serve as starting nodes in the graph, the links between the objects further turn into labeled and directed edges. Pointing at any particular word on the graph lets user analyze details of any single object while the sidebar lets user work with more generic picture of the connection. In my visualization of Alberta/British Columbia one can see the connectivity level 2 in the sidebar. Other information provided is the link and class categories of the relationships. For example many people in Alberta and BC are connected by their places of birth or involvement in any particular organization, e.g. OfficeHolder or IceHockeyPlayer.</p> <p>Despite user &ndash; friendliness of the tool there can be some errors in the work of the program as RelFinder is still a research prototype - the developers warn. In my view the absence of an option to save the visualization as a file is a light drawback of the tool. Although the possibility to save the link is present and seriously saves time in case you want to get back to your visualization in the future. Visualization features are very strong. One more good feature of RelFinder is its rich selection of languages in its user interface. You can choose the language for the objects and its description in the sidebar, then the dataset will turn on the description or an object in your desired language. &nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2013-12-20 22:20:09','2013-12-20 22:20:09'),(1365,9,250,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>The General Inquirer was a program for processing natural language text with a focus on content analysis from Philip Stone and his colleagues at Harvard University (Rice 332). It was developed in the 1960s at the Harvard Laboratory of Social Relations, and as late as 1984, Robert Oakman described it as a \\\"pioneering computer application\\\" for its capacity to automate the process of applying preset categories to the words of a text from a dictionary such as the Harvard Psychosocial Dictionary (Oakman 150). </p> <p>The General Inquirer lemmatized each word, assigned content tags, performed graphical and statistical analysis, and produced a report containing sentences with significant content words (Oakman 151). Oakman, reflecting back, noted that it was most useful to the social sciences as \\\"with literary texts, its usage has been minimal and the results often disappointing\\\" (151).</p> <p>In the manual released in 1966, <em>The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis</em>, the developers described the system as</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">a set of computer programs to (a) identify systematically, within text, instances of words and phrases that belong to categories specified by the investigator; (b) count occurrences and specified co-occurrences of these categories; (c) print and graph tabulations; (d) perform statistical tests; (e) sort and regroup sentences according to whether they contain instances of a particular category of combination of categories. (Stone et al 68).</p> <p>The General Inquirer\'s applications and value was a subject of debate amongst researchers seeking computer automation within the Humanities. The journal <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> published a review symposium focused on the General Inquirer as an aid to literary analysis in 1968 (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 177). All three reviewers criticized the system for its reliance on dictionaries for categorizing words. Charles Kadushin found that, due to the dictionaries, \\\"[t]he Inquirer is indeed limited to small-unit coding, in either broad or narrow contexts. That it does its coding by means of single words, even in contexts, is its major drawback as well as its chief virtue\\\" (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 180). He concluded that, with respect to categorizing words, &nbsp;\\\"making do with general dictionaries or a slight modification of them leads, in many cases, to almost unbearable intellectual costs\\\" (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 182).</p> <p>Joseph Lovett criticized the General Inquirer, and its manual, sharply. In his view, \\\"[t]he pitfall of these chapters [on content analysis] lies in the biases of the authors, for these biases of the General Inquirer approach influence its implementation in any specific research problem\\\" (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 184). He disliked the emphasis on procedural, rules-based content analysis, and the system\'s inability to handle homographs (184). With respect to homographs, he regarded the challenges with them as a shortfall of the developers as much as the program itself:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">That homographs would be confused more by the computer than by a human coder is admitted by the authors. They view the problem as one of category consistency, however, not of coder reliability. It seems unclear, if \'river bank\' and \'savings bank\' are assigned by the computer to the same category, why the researcher is to blame. (184)</p> <p>Like Kadushin, Lovett identified the dictionary as the root of the General Inquirer\'s shortfalls, finding that \\\"[t]he burden of proof of the General Inquirer...is on the method and logic by which the descriptors are conceived to bring about the many-to-few mapping, i.e., the dictionary of the program\\\" (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 185).</p> <p>James Merriman provided the final assessment of the roundtable. In his view, computers had proved their value with automatic data processing, and that the General Inquirer was a welcome attempt to extend the usefulness of computers by leveraging them to tease meaning from literature (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 187). For him, the General Inquirer\'s use of dictionaries for categorizations was the \\\"real novelty of the approach, and it is precisely the difficulties of \'dictionary\' construction that raise major doubts about the present and perhaps even future utility of the General Inquirer to literary studies\\\" (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 189). He criticized the challenges of selecting and constructing categories through dictionaries (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 191) and the Harvard Third Psychosocial Dictionary in particular as problematic when used for Humanities applications (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 192). However, Merriman judged the suggestion that users construct dictionaries tailored to texts unrealistic and representative of \\\"abandoning the General Inquirer\\\" (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 200). Rather, he suggested that \\\"[t]he hope for fully automatic preparation of texts...will almost certainly have to be abandoned in favor of extensive manual pre-editing\\\" (200). Whether a universal dictionary was a realistic outcome, Merriman called for researchers to work on creating better dictionaries, and a better solution for creating categories and category systems (Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman 201).</p> <p>George Psanthas disagreed with Kadushin, Lovett and Merriman\'s criticisms, and contributed a rebuttal to <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> in 1969 for the purpose of dispelling misconceptions about the General Inquirer (GI) and its value to Humanities research applications. In his view,</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Many criticisms of the GI, based on the description of the system and its uses by Stone <em>et al</em>., can be shown to be inappropriate, since they are based on a misunderstanding of the system and the failure to make certain basic distinctions among hardware, software, dictionary construction, data preparation and input, data analysis, and inferences from data analysis...[m]uch work needs to be done to improve the GI but it does offer possibilities for use in literary and content analysis, as well as other application. (Psanthas 163)</p> <p>He stressed that the dictionaries were distinct from the General Inquirer as a system, and that any dictionary may be used, not just the Harvard Third Psychosocial Dictionary (Psanthas 164). Psanthas described the General Inquirer as \\\"a system that can be used for making classifications of words (idioms), or sentences and need not be used for content analysis in the traditional sense of the word\\\" (164). He noted that it offered a classification/tagging system for words and sentences, with \'word\' being better defined as \'string\', and \'sentence\' as \\\"any string of words marked by a beginning and end marker\\\" such as a space or punctuation mark (164).</p> <p>With respect to criticism of the General Inquirer\'s capacity to classify words, Psanthas found that if a scholar\'s classifications were not programmable into the General Inquirer, they were butting up against the limitations of the software and/or hardware, and their own understanding of what computers can\'t do yet (Psanthas 168). It was his view that, \\\"in all honesty, it must be stated that all of our desires for a completely automated system of classification still remain dreams\\\" (168). Like Merriman, Psanthas called for scholars to focus on creating better dictionaries as the solution to categorization problems (Psanthas 169), but added that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">[i]f there is an inherent set of limitations built into the dictionary approach to the classification of natural language, it is simply that at this time we do not have enough knowledge to enable us to use the computer to automatically and correctly classify words, idioms, or even whole sentences into a clearly defined category...[t]he search for better methods for analyzing language is of more proper concern. (169)</p> <p>Psanthas criticized the General Inquirer for its reliance on statistics, and suggested that new models of peering into a text were required (Psanthas 172). He also cited the labour of keypunching a text, and the limited symbols available, as a drawback (172), in addition to the challenges of pre-editing texts by hand (Psanthas 173).</p> <p>Despite its shortcomings, the General Inquirer remained in use into the 1980s, though even in 1984 Robert Oakman noted that the system was only as good as the content categories of the dictionary it drew from (Oakman 151). It saw continued development, including adaptation, as with the INQUIRER III (Edinburgh Version) reviewed by Sandra Rice in 1976 (Rice 332). The Edinburgh Version retained a reliance on punched card input and a preset dictionary (332). Rice found the supplementary job control cards \\\"difficult to prepare and comprehend for the user not conversant with IBM OS system [sic],\\\" while the program itself was poorly commented and required precise input to receive comprehensible results (332).</p> <p>Rice and Oakman\'s interest in the General Inquirer well after its initial release demonstrates the long term impact of its approach to automating the analysis of natural language text. Notably, its shortcomings prompted other researchers to develop their own programs to accomplish similar tasks, as Howard P. Iker cited the General Inquirer\'s reliance on dictionaries as the spur for the WORDS system, which used the text at hand to isolate words instead (Oakman 152).</p> <p>Amongst Humanities researchers interested in applying computers within their scholarly practices, conversations surrounding the General Inquirer were characterized by ambivalence due to the tension between its potential and individual scholars\' experiences of its shortcomings. Psanthas, though an advocate for the system and its manual, nevertheless concluded that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">the book was unduly optimistic in proposing that the system could be applied fairly easily and quickly to a variety of problems....Unless the investigator is willing to make a long-term commitment to research with computers, the use of the General Inquirer system is not to be recommended at this time....For those who wish to focus their research on computer program development for natural language processing, the General Inquirer already provides a reality; for those who wish substantive results by applying a \\\"ready-made\\\" system, <em>caveat emptor</em>. (Psanthas 174)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Kadushin, Charles, Joseph Lovett and James D. Merriman. \\\"Literary Analysis with the Aid of the Computer.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 2.4 (1968): 177-202. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402487\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Oakman, Robert L. <em>Computer Methods for Literary Research</em>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.</p> <p>Psathas, George. \\\"The General Inquirer: Useful or Not?\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 3.3 (1969): 163-174. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02401609\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Rice, Sandra. \\\"Software Review: INQUIRER III (Edinburgh Edition) A Computer Based System for Content Analysis.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.6 (1976): 332. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02402556.pdf\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Stone, Philip J., Dexter C. Dunphy, Marshall S. Smith and Daniel M. Ogilvie. <em>The General Inquirer: A Computer Approach to Content Analysis</em>. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-12-30 20:50:04','2013-12-30 20:53:33'),(1366,9,275,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>PL/I (Programming Language/One) is an early programming language developed by IBM for their 360/370 machines (Oakman 155). It was a multipurpose language adaptable for business analysis, scientific data processing and character handling (155), and could handle data stored on magnetic tape or on disks (Heller and Logemann 24). It was commonly available due to both wide adoption of IBM\'s equipment, and other companies like Honeywell and General Electric followed IBM\'s lead in making the language available on their machines (Oakman 155).</p> <p>PL/I was commonly used for natural language processing within the Humanities, second only to FORTRAN for language processing applications due to its wide availability (Joyce 271). By 1972, PL/I was used on 40% of such projects, with FORTRAN coming in at 50% (271), and scholar James Joyce considered PL/I the better suited of the two languages as it accommodated business data in its design, rather than the strictly formula-oriented scientific bent of FORTRAN (271).</p> <p>In their 1966 article \\\"PL/I: A Programming Language for Humanities Research,\\\" Jack Heller and George Logemann described PL/I as \\\"ideally suited for writing interpreters for problem-oriented language\\\" (Heller and Logemann 20). They also found PL/I appealing as it was versatile and compact, making it possible to focus on reducing the labour cost of writing programs and the potential for human error (20). The language combined arithmetic and data manipulative facilities, which enabled researchers to use it for both numeric and string data (20). In addition, its control language was compact, and \\\"permit[ted] both free-form as well as rigid, fixed field format\\\" for passing results to and from the computer (20). In Heller and Logemann\'s view, PL/I was particularly important to the Humanities because</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Humanities programmers are concerned primarily with symbolic data as opposed to numbers. They wish to manipulate sentences and texts, or strings of their own notations...We observe that PL/I allows data to take the form of strings of symbols. Thus in a PL/I program one can generate any desired text or coding schemes, and move and save strings for accumulating dictionaries and preparing output text. Moreover, PL/I provides the essential minimum of operations on strings of symbols. (Heller and Logemann 21)</p> <p>This includes functions like concatenation, specifying a substring, finding a string\'s length, or searching a string for a substring (21). PL/I also included the ability to run loops, a capacity useful for iterating through texts or specifying conditions under which a program will execute particular operations and end them (Heller and Logemann 24). Its functions enabled users to build programs for complex text manipulation and retrieval (Heller and Logemann 23). In Heller and Logemann\'s view, this made PL/I particularly important to Humanities programmers who</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">need the ability to split, scan, measure, compare, and join strings in practically all of their computer efforts: the simple problem of right-justifying a line, filling in blanks between words so that the total line length fills the width of the column, takes all four manipulative operations. Editing a text requires many search and split operations; alphabetization is essential in making an index or concordance. Finally, complex pattern-matching problems that arise in musical or graphic art analysis definitely require the facility to recognize substrings and to move elements of data. (Heller and Logemann 22)</p> <p>Where string data was concerned, PL/I used a combination of two functions, INDEX and SUBSTR (\'substring\'), for pattern matching (Oakman 56). It assigned a numerical position to particular characters, and, to search a string, \\\"the function INDEX moves through LINE, counting the positions until it gets to the first space\\\" (56). &nbsp;However, it required additional code to examine text at the word level, such as custom extensions (Joyce 271). These extensions enabled important text handling functions such as recognizing apostrophes as letters so contractions can be identified as words, defining hyphens as punctuation so hyphenated words can be recognized separately, converting strings to upper or lower case, finding words within a string, or reversing character order in a string (Joyce 272). Joyce wrote a number of extensions to \\\"produce fast code with a minimal strain on the user,\\\" though he took care to state that his extensions \\\"do not pretend to represent an optimal set of extensions...[r]ather, they are to me some obviously needed extensions that make PL/I more docile for those wishing to do natural-language processing\\\" (Joyce 271).</p> <p>Thanks to its wide availability and text handling capabilities, Heller and Logemann advocated for Humanities scholars to adopt PL/I as \\\"a powerful, versatile programming language designed to handle contemporary problems on contemporary machines. PL/I is not guaranteed to solve all problems, but it certainly will facilitate the scholars\' search\\\" (Heller and Logemann 27). Indeed, PL/I was discussed as late as 1984 as a significant multipurpose language for text handling (Oakman 50).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Heller, Jack and George W. Logemann. \\\"PL/I: A Programming Language for Humanities Research.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 1.2 (1966): 19-27. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199201\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Joyce, James. \\\"Extension to PL/I For Natural-Language Processing.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 6.5 (1972): 271-276. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199499\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Oakman, Robert L. <em>Computer Methods for Literary Research</em>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.</p>',1,0,0,'2013-12-31 20:13:41','2013-12-31 20:15:08'),(1367,9,319,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>CLAS (Computerized Language Analysis System) was a software package for text analysis that combined standard statistical tests with concordance functions (Oakman 179). It was developed by George Borden and James Watts of Pennsylvania State University (Borden and Watts 129) and ran in PL/I on IBM 360/370 machines (Borden and Watts 136).</p> <p>In their 1971 paper \\\"A Computerized Language System,\\\" Borden and Watts described CLAS as</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">a general-purpose computer system that can perform standard statistical tests on natural language texts as well as print a concordance or index of all the words of that text or a specified subset of those words. It was developed from a simple concordance generating program on the belief that since the computer had already separated the text into its constituent words, it might as well do some statistical and semantic operation on this text to aid the scholar in his research. (Borden and Watts 129)</p> <p>CLAS required the text to be keypunched on punch cards, which it used to generate an index and generate statistical data such as word counts, or numbers of lines, sentences and punctuation marks (Oakman 179). It could also generate mean word and sentence lengths with standard deviations (179). Borden and Watts found the statistical output particularly useful, as \\\"[t]his allows one to accumulate a bank of statistical data for natural language analysis\\\" (Borden and Watts 132).</p> <p>The system was designed to work with natural language text with standard spacing and punctuation, though it required users to manually keypunch a variable length identifier at the beginning of each line (Borden and Watts 129). This identifier was used to locate words out of context (Borden and Watts 130). Users could generate concordances and indexes for either the full text or a specified subset (Borden and Watts 130-131). The subsets were specified via word lists for exclusion or inclusion (Borden and Watts 131), or via a word frequency cap that caused the system to only index or concord those words falling below that frequency (Borden and Watts 132).</p> <p>Particularly notably, CLAS could recognize statements ending in a period as sentences, and colons and semi-colons as in-sentence delimiters for determining \'verbal segments\' (132). Colons and semi-colons were not the only markers of verbal segments. Rather, \\\"[a] verbal segment is considered to be that linguistic string falling between any two segment delimiters, i.e., (;) (:) (,) (--) (...) (?) (.) (!)\\\" (132). CLAS generated counts for each of these markers and included them in its statistics (132).</p> <p>Various statistics could be output in bar graph form, showing information such as frequency distributions, type/token ratios, or the number of word types in relation to the total counts for the text (Oakman 179-180). Beyond graphs, the system could generate a</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">detailed statistical analysis of vocabulary types and tokens. This option causes the system to divide the text into a number of equal length linguistic strings (the length of the string is specified by the user: defaults to 100 words). This series of linguistic strings then becomes the basis for a series of type/token analyses. (Borden and Watts 134)</p> <p>For thematic analysis, the system could also generate printouts of particular words based on a selected text division (Borden and Watts 135).</p> <p>To run, CLAS required 240 bytes of external storage per word in the text to be processed, and the developers recommended that external storage be sequential in disk, drum or magnetic tape form (Borden and Watts 136). Punch cards and paper tape was also supported, but not recommended (136). The system\'s input was governed by a parameter card that specified the text to be processed, the name of the job and what program options to use (Borden and Watts 137). As a whole, CLAS consisted of six programs, being a main monitor program governing order of execution, and five subprograms performing specific functions on the user\'s text (Borden and Watts 136-137). The subprograms, named according to their purpose, were Initialization, Word-Break-Up, Concordance/Index, Decreasing Word Frequency, and Increasing Word Length (Borden and Watts 137).</p> <p>CLAS was designed to allow users to run large batch jobs and provide feedback if the process stopped prematurely (Borden and Watts 138). In the case of an error, jobs could be restarted from the middle (Borden and Watts 139). Borden and Watts considered this restart function its most powerful feature:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">When execution must be terminated due to a recoverable error or from a lack of time or records, the monitor will halt execution and note where it stopped so that the system can be restarted. The restart capability is especially useful under a system which limits the amount of time and records a user can run at any one time. The restart capability allows the maximum amount of data to be run. (Borden and Watts 140)</p> <p>In terms of speed, Borden and Watts found CLAS took approximately 100 seconds when tested with a 1000-word text using all phases of the program on an IBM 360/67, and found that the larger the text, as with a batch job, the less time per word the system required (Borden and Watts 141).</p> <p>In addition to the benefits of CLAS\' speed and batch processing capacity, Borden and Watts provided a means for users to modify the system\'s built-in collating sequence, which opened up CLAS to languages beyond English (141). This facility with other languages proved valuable to its audience, enabling text analysis studies such as Franklin Waltman\'s 1976 authorship study of the medieval Spanish epic poem <em>Cantar de Mio Cid</em>, described in his paper \\\"C.L.A.S. and the Cantar de Mio Cid\\\" (Waltman 145). He focused on CLAS\' concordance function to examine the text for formulas and formulaic expressions (145). In particular, he made use of a new feature, \\\"[a] theme segment analysis [which] has recently been added to C.L.A.S. This provides a concordance, statistical data, and theme density maps for analysis of particular themes\\\" (Waltman 146).</p> <p>Waltman\'s final assessment of CLAS was favourable:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The use of the C.L.A.S. has permitted an analysis which indicates that there are no great differences among the three <em>cantares</em> of the poem, nor any statistical evidence which can be considered conclusive proof that two poets had a hand in composing the poem as it exists today. C.L.A.S. has been an extremely valuable tool in this research. (Waltman 146)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Borden, George A. and James J. Watts. \\\"A Computerized Language Analysis System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.3 (1971): 129-141. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199396\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Oakman, Robert L. <em>Computer Methods for Literary Research</em>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.</p> <p>Waltman, Franklin M. \\\"C.L.A.S. and the Cantar de Mio Cid.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.3 (1976): 145-152. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/i30204250\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-03 20:14:08','2014-01-03 20:17:11'),(1368,166,51,'Deepika Padukone (born 1986) is an Indian film actress and model. She has established a successful career in Hindi (Bollywood) films, and is cited in the media as one of the most popular and attractive Indian celebrities. She made her acting debut in 2006 as the titular character of the Kannada film Aishwarya. She then played dual roles in her first Bollywood release—the 2007 blockbuster Om Shanti Om—and won a Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut. Padukone received praise for portraying the lead female role in the 2009 romance Love Aaj Kal, but her performances in the 2008 romantic comedy Bachna Ae Haseeno and the 2010 comedy Housefull met with negative reviews. The 2012 box office hit Cocktail marked a significant turning point in her career, earning her critical acclaim and Best Actress nominations at several award ceremonies. In 2013, Padukone established herself as a leading actress of Hindi cinema by playing primary roles in the comedies Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani and Chennai Express (both of which rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time), and garnered critical acclaim for her role in the tragic romance Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela. (Full article...) Recently featured: \\\"Weight Gain 4000\\\" – False potto – Gagak Item',1,0,0,'2014-01-05 19:05:40','2014-01-07 19:15:42'),(1369,166,51,'Deepika Padukone (born 1986) is an Indian film actress and model. She has established a successful career in Hindi (Bollywood) films, and is cited in the media as one of the most popular and attractive Indian celebrities. She made her acting debut in 2006 as the titular character of the Kannada film Aishwarya. She then played dual roles in her first Bollywood release—the 2007 blockbuster Om Shanti Om—and won a Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut. Padukone received praise for portraying the lead female role in the 2009 romance Love Aaj Kal, but her performances in the 2008 romantic comedy Bachna Ae Haseeno and the 2010 comedy Housefull met with negative reviews. The 2012 box office hit Cocktail marked a significant turning point in her career, earning her critical acclaim and Best Actress nominations at several award ceremonies. In 2013, Padukone established herself as a leading actress of Hindi cinema by playing primary roles in the comedies Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani and Chennai Express (both of which rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time), and garnered critical acclaim for her role in the tragic romance Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela. (Full article...) Recently featured: \\\"Weight Gain 4000\\\" – False potto – Gagak Item',1,0,0,'2014-01-05 19:05:40','2014-01-06 16:34:57'),(1370,9,388,'<p>More information about JEUDEMO is available via two articlesf from its creators:</p> <p>Bratley, Paul, Serge Lusignan and Francine Ouellette. \\\"JEUDEMO: A Text-Handling System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>. Ed. J. L. Mitchell. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1974. 234-239.</p> <p>Bratley, Paul, Serge Lusignan and Francine Ouellette. \\\"JEUDEMO, A Package for Scholars in the Humanities.\\\" <em>SIGLASH Newsletter</em> 7.3 (1974): 15-19.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-06 17:46:15','2014-01-06 17:59:04'),(1371,9,388,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong> </p> <p>JEUDEMO was an information retrieval program for text building on COCOA developed at the University of Montreal by Paul Bratley, Serge Lusignan and Francine Ouellette in the 1970s (Oakman 178).</p> <p>It combined the functions of COCOA with Boolean search capabilities to locate co-occurrences and other patterns:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The user first defines his on hierarchies of text--word, sentence, paragraph, chapter, etc. Then, using its pattern-searching features, JEUDEMO can look for two words, like \\\"boy\\\" and \\\"dog,\\\" occurring in the same sentence, in the same paragraph, or within ten words from each other in the whole text. (Oakman 179)</p> <p>JEUDEMO required text to be in punched card or Flexowriter paper tape format (Oakman 178). Its commands were developed with inexperienced programmers, with the aim of making the program accessible to Humanists without computer backgrounds, and an interactive version was planned (178).</p> <p>However, JEUDEMO had a prohibitive drawback, as the developers chose to program it in a system-exclusive language that limited its audience to only those scholars with access to a CDC Cyber 74 system (Oakman 179). Robert Oakman found this requirement to be a major barrier to the program\'s wide adoption (179).</p> <p>JEUDEMO was nevertheless a notable contribution to text analysis, as Oakman found that \\\"[c]ompared to COCOA, its forerunner, JEUDEMO offers attractive additional features and a few easy commands that humanists can learn to use quickly\\\" (179).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Oakman, Robert L. <em>Computer Methods for Literary Research</em>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-06 17:59:25','2014-01-06 18:00:16'),(1372,9,389,'<p>For more information about RATS, see John B. Smith\'s paper:</p> <p>Smith, John B. \\\"RATS: A Mid-Level Text Utility System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 6.5 (1972): 277-283. <a href=\\\"http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/538/art%253A10.1007%252FBF02404244.pdf?auth66=1389205134_9c45fcce7c893dc1254bf53245b58f45&amp;ext=.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. </p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-07 19:09:43','2014-01-10 16:19:54'),(1373,9,389,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>RATS (Random-Accessible Text Systems) was a PL/I utility \\\"for the researcher with some knowledge of programming\\\" developed by John B. Smith of Pennsylvania State University in the early 1970s (Smith 277).</p> <p>Smith designed RATS to allow researchers to skip over file creation and proceed directly to text analysis (277). As an analysis tool, it aimed to provide \\\"a highly flexible representation of a text, allowing the researcher to write specific programs to perform the exact analysis he desires\\\" (277).</p> <p>It integrated the INDEX program from VIA-II, developed by S. Y. Sedelow, as its initial text scanner (277). RATS accepted text punched in columns and used spaces as delimiters between words and punctuation (277). It tokenized the text for its output, assigning each token to a record with a numeric index plus markers for volume, chapter, paragraph, sentence and word (277).</p> <p>These tokens were stored on tape, disk or other available storage, and used to generate three sets: Dictionary, which contained each word and punctuation mark with its frequency, cross-referenced to the index; AB which indexed each occurrence of a word, arranged alphabetically; and LIN which indexed each occurrence of a word, arranged in order of appearance in the text, cross-referenced to the Dictionary (Smith 278).</p> <p>RATS used its BUILD program to generate the Dictionary, AB and LIN sets, while two additional programs, COMPRESS and EXPAND, provided its text analysis functions (Smith 279). COMPRESS permitted users to specify which words from the Dictionary to work with, as it \\\"takes the file structure created by BUILD and compresses it to either a linear subset of the text or a subset represented by a partitioning of the dictionary\\\" (279). EXPAND, not available at the time of Smith\'s publication, \\\"takes the file structures created by BUILD for several texts or subsets of a text and combines them into a single RATS file structure\\\" (Smith 279-280). Smith projected a summer 1972 release for the BUILD program (Smith 280), with additional functions and programs to follow by fall of the same year (Smith 283).</p> <p>As a text analysis tool, Smith promoted RATS for concordance generation (Smith 280), for creating thematic distribution line graphs (Smith 281), and for creating transitional matrixes (Smith 282). To extend the system\'s functionality, he was developing a RANDOM program for writing RATS datasets to random-access files, and a RETURN/SEARCH program that would allow users to specify a set of information to examine and a word or group of words to search for (Smith 283).</p> <p>Smith found that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">While this system does not supply all of the features we might wish, it does facilities greatly many of the tasks that humanists and language analysts often perform. Its general flexibility should enable the user to design and implement procedures that fit his analytic model more precisely and sensitively than is generally possible. (283)</p> <p>A decade later, Robert Oakman reflected on Smith\'s work and RATS and judged that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">[a]lthough Smith has shown admirable concern for achieving efficiency in computer storage, his programs seem, by and large, too complex for most inexperienced literary scholars to use with ease. Practically one of the other PL/I program packages may be more convenient for the novice. (Oakman 180n)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Oakman, Robert L. <em>Computer Methods for Literary Research</em>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.</p> <p>Smith, John B. \\\"RATS: A Mid-Level Text Utility System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 6.5 (1972): 277-283. <a href=\\\"http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/538/art%253A10.1007%252FBF02404244.pdf?auth66=1389205134_9c45fcce7c893dc1254bf53245b58f45&amp;ext=.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-07 19:13:59','2014-01-10 16:19:54'),(1374,9,277,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>SOLAR (<em>S</em>emantically <em>O</em>riented <em>L</em>exical <em>AR</em>chive) was a lexical resource developed by the System Development Corporation (SCR) in Santa Monica, California in the 1970s (Diller and Olney 301). It was primarily distributed via the ARPA Network, with copies available by request for those without access to the network (Diller and Olney 310).</p> <p>According to Timothy Diller and John Olney of SCR, SOLAR \\\"is designed to permit a researcher to access a broad range of semantic data, all keyed to individual English words\\\" (Diller and Olney 301). SCR built in that breadth with the aim of making SOLAR relevant across fields, such as theoretical linguistics, philosophy of language, second language instruction and automated language processing (301). According to Diller and Olney in their article \\\"SOLAR (A <em>S</em>emantically <em>O</em>riented <em>L</em>exical <em>AR</em>chive): Current Status and Plans,\\\" published in 1974 prior to SOLAR\'s release,</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The SOLAR project is beginning to function both as a lexical information center and as a source of new lexical data. As an information center, it provides insightful descriptions of selected English words extracted from the technical literature of several fields and formatted for machine processing. As a source of new lexical data, it offers collocational features, semantic fields, definitional expansions within a designated set of words, and keyword-in-context materials derived by processing machine-readable transcripts <em>of Webster\'s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (W7)</em>, <em>Roget\'s International Thesaurus</em> and other text corpora. (Diller and Olney 301-302).</p> <p>Rather than being a lexicon itself, it offered a series of information-rich source files for constructing a lexicon (Diller and Olney 302). It was made up of seven files:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">File 1: Semantic Analysis</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">File 2: Explanatory Notes for the Descriptive Constants Used in the Semantic Analyses</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">File 3: Conceptual Analysis of Notions Involved by the Descriptive Constants</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">File 4: Collocational Features Correlated with Particular Word Senses</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">File 5: Semantic Fields</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">File 6: Definitional Expansions</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">File 7: Contexts of Occurrence (Diller and Olney 302-303)</p> <p>It also included two supplementary files, a Word Index and a Bibliography (Diller and Olney 309). Within this collection of files, SOLAR integrated data derived from relevant papers, presented in according to the wishes of the authors wherever possible (309).</p> <p>Diller and Olney summarized SOLAR as a resource</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">designed to provide convenient access to semantic and conceptual analyses proposed by linguists, anthropologists, psychologists, philosophers and computer scientists, as well as to semi-processed, formatted data extracted from dictionaries, thesauri, and textual corpora. (Diller and Olney 310).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Diller, Timothy and John Olney. \\\"SOLAR (A Semantically-Oriented Lexical Archive): Current Status and Plans.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 8.4-5 (1974): 301-311. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199709\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-08 21:46:33','2014-01-08 21:49:19'),(1375,9,278,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>OPCOL was an experimental algorithm \\\"which optimizes efficiency with respect to the number of word comparisons\\\" during an automated text collation developed by Robert L. Cannon, Jr. of the University of South Carolina (Cannon 33).</p> <p>OPCOL\'s optimization applied recent research into the \'longest common subsequence\' (<em>lcs</em>) problem (Oakman 130). The <em>lcs </em>problem refers to \\\"finding the longest common sequence between two texts of length M and N [which] has shown that both the maximum and minimum number of comparisons is M times N\\\" (130).</p> <p>The OPCOL algorithm conducted \\\"pairwise matching between two texts until a point is reached at which the texts do not match\\\" and built a table of distances between words from the master and comparison texts as it searched for the next match (Cannon 37). Then, once the algorithm found a new match, \\\"an additional word from the master (comparison) text will next be added. The algorithm will continue to add words from the master (comparison) text as long as their addition continues to reduce the distance between the two texts\\\" (Cannon 38).</p> <p>Robert Oakman, whom Cannon thanked for \\\"many helpful discussions and for a critical reading of a draft of this paper\\\" in his article \\\"OPCOL: An Optimal Text Collation Algorithm\\\" (Cannon 33), discussed OPCOL in his book <em>Computer Methods for Literary Research</em>. Oakman, describing Cannon\'s findings and their implementation in OPCOL, clarified that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">the \\\"distance\\\" increases between texts increases as long as they lack identity and begins to decrease when a word in common is finally encountered. The computer continues to check distances every time it adds and looks at another word in either text. When the distance stops decreasing again, the maximum common distance has been found, the variants can be printed, and normal checking resumes. (Oakman 130-131)</p> <p>Reflecting on Cannon and his work on OPCOL, Oakman praised his contribution to literary research:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Cannon\'s approach is intended to minimize comparisons and the amount of compute storage required for large collations; the mathematical elegance of his approach argues for the further application of theoretical results in computer science complicated, real problems like literary collation. Rarely to theoretical breakthroughs in computer research ever reach the needs of literary scholars; Cannon deserves commendation for his commitment to concrete applications of theoretical principals. His algorithm, only tested experimentally, also deserves test with a significant literary textual problem and modification to present the variants in a form easily analyzable by the scholar. (Oakman 131)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Cannon Jr., Robert L. \\\"OPCOL: an Optimal Text Collation Algorithm.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.1 (1976): 33-40. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204218\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Oakman, Robert L. <em>Computer Methods for Literary Research</em>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-09 19:16:30','2014-01-09 19:17:24'),(1376,175,26,'<p>Po trati deklica hodila, tako je deklica tožila: Cvetice lani brala sem, kar jih najlep&scaron;ih znala sem, za god jih manki podarila. Cvetice letos brala bom, kar jih najlep&scaron;ih znala bom, na grob ji bom jih podarila.</p>',1,1,0,'2014-01-11 12:55:30','2018-09-28 03:21:40'),(1377,9,279,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>FISHER (FORTRAN Implemented String Handling and Editing Routine) was a package of routines for text handling in FORTRAN developed in the 1970s by A. Colin Day (Oakman 181). It was distributed on 1500 punch cards and available by contacting Day at the University College London\'s Computing Centre (Allwright 297).</p> <p>Robert Oakman, commenting on FISHER in his book <em>Computer Methods for Literary Research</em>, noted that \\\"using FISHER\'s commands resembles programming in PL/I; the process of putting them together in order to carry out a major job like a word index of a text is similar to programming in a more textually compatible language\\\" (Oakman 181).</p> <p>FISHER was also reviewed by Christine Allwright in the journal <em>Computers and the Humanities</em>. In her examination of the package, she found that</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">FISHER consists of a set of Fortran subroutines and functions which, it is claimed, in effect add several new data types to Fortran....The three new data types of greatest interest to the user are: the character held as a small integer, the string of characters represented by an integer value and the marker pointing to a particular position within a character string, also represented by an integer value. Besides being able to create items of the new data types, FISHER provides facilities for their efficient use in many text handling situations, for example, comparing strings, searching for particular characters in strings, removing sections, joining two strings together, inserting substrings, etc. (Allwright 297)</p> <p>The FISHER package was written on an IBM 360, a mark of cross-system compatibility (297). Allwright was able to run it successfully on a CDC 6600 using two other FORTRAN compilers (297). The package included documentation comprised of three sections, a User\'s Manual, a Technical Description, and an Implementation Guide (297). The User\'s Manual included descriptions of FISHER\'s text-handling, error-handling facilities and explanations of error messages, plus \\\"a comprehensive index and glossary\\\" (297). The Technical Description expanded on FISHER\'s various aspects (297), such as its routines and data structures (Allwright 298).</p> <p>Allwright favourably compared FISHER\'s capabilities to SNOBOL, a contemporary language designed for string handling (297). In her review trials, it proved time-efficient when running small and medium programs (Allwright 298). However, she assessed it to be of most value not to beginners, but rather \\\"to assist the experienced Fortran programmer...given that, it is relatively straightforward to use\\\" (Allwright 297). Oakman also cautioned potential users that \\\"[e]ven with the helpful user\'s manual, the inexperienced scholar will find the going rough at first\\\" (Oakman 182).</p> <p>Allwright\'s final assessment of FISHER was positive:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">As an apparently useful set of routines for anyone wishing to handle characters and character strings, FISHER provides the programmer with facilities which otherwise he must expend time and energy creating fro himself each time he sets out to write a text-handling program. It would be a useful addition to a program library wherever character-handling computer users may be found. (Allwright 298)</p> <p>Oakman agreed on FISHER\'s value to FORTRAN users, though he retained reservations with regard to using FORTRAN for text processing:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Compared to a program package like JEUDEMO or CLAS, in which the computer can be instructed in a few commands to do a complex index, in terms of convenience FISHER comes out in second place, although it is probably more machine efficient. On the other hand, for people whose only option is FORTRAN, Day has already done much of the hard work of modifying the language for text processing. For those scholars, FISHER could make the difference in being able or not being able to carry out any analysis on the computer. (Oakman 182)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Allwright, Christine. \\\"Software Review: FISHER: A String-Handling Package.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.5 (1976): 297-298. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02420064.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Oakman, Robert L. <em>Computer Methods for Literary Research</em>. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-13 18:34:28','2014-01-13 18:37:03'),(1378,9,269,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>FANGORN was a language written particularly for literary and linguistic analysis developed by Peter B&oslash;gh Andersen of the Nordic Institute of the University of Aarhus in the 1970s (Andersen 227).</p> <p>In Andersen\'s words, \\\"FANGORN, a special-purpose language for linguistic and literary analysis, was designed because I encountered certain descriptive problems that were not due to the linguistic research I did, but to the languages I used\\\" (227). Andersen had encountered difficulties particularly with most languages\' inability to recognize linguistic constructs as being simultaneously subject and object (227), and so, \\\"FANGORN was designed in order to avoid the descriptive problems generated by the subject/object dichotomy\\\" (Andersen 228).</p> <p>FANGORN programs consisted of networks of nodes with a known location, name, and a process related to other nodes in the network (228). Each node and node relationship corresponded to a value in the source text (Andersen 229). According to Andersen, \\\"[t]he interpreter is programmed in modules, each node roughly corresponding to a SIMULA class declaration. Because of the modular structure, it is easy to remove or add new nodes\\\" (Andersen 241). It was applied to a variety of text analysis functions:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The language has been used for minor, rather different purposes: morphological analysis and synthesis, testing sentence grammars and narrative grammars by synthesizing sentences and stories, semantic analysis, plan construction, question answering, and parsing.\\\" (241)</p> <p>At the time of Andersen\'s 1981 article \\\"FANGORN: A Special-Purpose Language for the Humanities,\\\" FANGORN was in its third version (241). Andersen implemented the language via \\\"an interpreter written in the SIMULA 67...running under the NOS operating system on the CDC Cyber 173,\\\" which was available at University of Aarhus\' Regional EDP-Center (RECAU) (241). In terms of performance, Andersen noted that the interpreter \\\"is reasonably fast, but it consumes far too much space\\\" (241). He offered a user manual, available by contacting him directly at the University of Aarhus (241).</p> <p>Andersen evaluated FANGORN, though prefaced with the disclaimer that \\\"[e]very father loves his children, and that goes for programming languages too. Objective evaluation is difficult\\\" (Andersen 242). From the perspective of its developer, Andersen found that \\\"[w]hat I like most in FANGORN is the \'bodily\' character of the algorithms: it is possible to have the program build and modify algorithms in rather sophisticate ways. This is extremely useful in programs dealing with historical and developmental issues\\\" (242).</p> <p>He also acknowledged its weaknesses:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The main drawback in the language is the syntax. FANGORN programs are as unreadable as LISP programs, and I always use a graphical notation when I write them. One solution, and possibly the best one, is to provide FANGORN with graphical input facilities. Another solution is to design a linguistic front end that is easier to read and write for humans. The problem is that the bodily nature of the algorithm, i.e., the network that implements it, must be completely transparent from the program text; else the user could not change it...the syntactical problem is not merely a technical problem. It arose because we have no suitable framework or categories in which to describe self-modifying processes; at least, I have no such framework. (242)</p> <p>However, in Andersen\'s view, \\\"FANGORN was built as a tool for experimenting with exactly those processes\\\" (242).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p>Anderson, Peter B&oslash;gh. \\\"FANGORN: A Special-Purpose Language for the Humanities.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.4 (1981): 227-242. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204310\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-14 19:02:22','2014-01-14 19:08:20'),(1379,9,266,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>TEXTPACK V was a text analysis package for PCs released in the 1980s by Peter Mohler and Cornelia Zuell of ZUMA (Zentrum fuer Umfragen, Methoden un Analysen (Olsen 155). This version was a port with improvements of the original FORTRAN program, which was released for mainframe computers in the 1970s and developed by Jurgen Hoehe, Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Klaus Radermacher (155).</p> <p>Mark Olsen, who reviewed TEXTPACK V for the journal <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> in 1989, described it as</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">a collection of interdependent utilities designed to perform simple elements of text analysis, such as concordances, word frequency counts, word tagging, and text reformatting. The utilities are batch-oriented, reflecting the early development of TEXTPACK on mainframe computers. (155)</p> <p>As a package, its programs were useful&nbsp; \\\"for the qualitative description of literary texts, analysis of content, and data management. The majority of the program assists users in exploring and editing textual source material\\\" (McCarty et al. 114).</p> <p>It was included in the <em>Tools for Humanists, 1989</em> guide to available software and hardware for humanistic research. At the time of its publication, that guide found that \\\"TextPack is it [sic] the only package reliably distributed for mainframes and personal computers that automatically codes a text\\\" (McCarty et al. 115).</p> <p>TEXTPACK V required users to pre-process texts by applying two hierarchical levels of descriptive tags, with a third level supplied by the system (115). This tagging supplied identifiers that labeled information such as paragraphs and sentences, conforming to one of three prescribed formats (Olsen 155). The SENTENCE program used the pre-processed text to convert it into a form compatible with the rest of TEXTPACK (155).</p> <p>There were ten additional programs in TEXTPACK V, supplying functions such as correcting and editing system files (SENMERGE), tokenization (LISTSPLT), frequency counts (FREQ), keyword-in-context listings (KWIC), and generating a content analysis dictionary (TAGCODER) (McCarty et al 115-116). It also included a function for converting output to ASCII for use by analytical systems (REFORM).</p> <p>The TEXTPACK V programs were distributed on four diskettes, requiring 1.3MB storage, and were easily installed without compatibility problems (Olsen 155). It ran on PCs and compatibles in an MS-DOS environment (Olsen 160).</p> <p>Mark Olsen was highly critical of TEXTPACK V. Some of his issues with it stemmed from its origins as a mainframe package, as to his eye, the ported version \\\"ha[s] not...lost the flavor of a much earlier and more primitive era of humanities computing\\\" (Olsen 155). The programs retained markers of mainframe computing, for example that \\\"[a]ll the programs are controlled with options set using \'Program Control Cards,\' and include such quaint parameters as specifying whether the INPUT is from DISK or CARD\\\" (155). These characteristics negatively impacted Olsen\'s user experience, as in his view,</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">simply compiling mainframe programs to run in a PC environment is counter-productive, since the main advantage of the PC is its interactive immediacy. Batch-oriented programs may be better left on mainframes with their superior processing speed and expensive high-speed peripheral devices, such as line-printers. (155)</p> <p>He found a number of TEXTPACK V\'s programs frustrating, particularly SENTENCE:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">SENTENCE does very little in addition to what the user is required to provide in pre-processing. While the program can separate punctuation marks from words and transform numeric strings to words (i.e. \\\"50\\\" becomes \\\"fifty\\\"), SENTENCE hardly seems worth the effort, particularly in a microcomputer environment, as the user is required to perform a large number of pre-processing steps to prepare the data for SENTENCE. (Olsen 156)</p> <p>Olsen also found the KWIC program \\\"difficult to use, requires several preliminary steps, and fails to work properly,\\\" based on a test using a sample from a French text (156). From the original text of 707 words, comprising 5,016 bytes, the KWIC took \\\"seven minutes to generate a full concordance, not including the pre-processing time required by SENTENCE and LISTSPLT\\\" (156).</p> <p>Olsen\'s final assessment was damning:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">There is little to recommend TEXTPACK V to the researcher in the humanities. It is difficult to use and not particularly effective. Its individual modules, such as the KWIC program, are not comparable to many other packages and public domain programs. Given the structural limitations of the system, it is hard to see any advantage that can be gained from learning how to use it. This is only compounded when the weak documentation and obscure program operation are taken into account. (Olsen 159-160)</p> <p>In light of its numerous problems, Olsen concluded \\\"TEXTPACK V needs to be redesigned from the ground up, a process which should attempt to incorporate elements of full text retrieval and more sophisticated text processing than is supported by the current implementation\\\" (Olsen 160).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>McCarty, Willard et al. <em>Tools for Humanists, 1989</em>. Toronto: Centre for Computing in the Humanities at the University of Toronto, Jun. 6-9, 1989.</p> <p>Olsen, Mark. \\\"Software Review: TEXTPACK V: Text Analysis Utilities for the Personal Computer.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 23.2 (1989):155-160. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200155\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-16 19:45:34','2014-01-16 19:47:35'),(1380,192,174,'It is not obvious how to get access to this tool.  Maybe that explains the lack of comments.  I would like to try it, but how???',1,0,0,'2014-01-18 18:55:58','2014-01-18 18:55:58'),(1381,9,174,'<p>Hello rfd_0954,</p> <p>Thank you for your feedback. Could I trouble you for your input on how we could make it easier for you to find the links? TAPoR 2.5 can be contacted directly at <a href=\\\"mailto:tapor@ualberta.ca.\\\">tapor@ualberta.ca. </a></p> <p>At the moment, you can access ORBIS\'s homepage by clicking the thumbnail picture or the name of the tool. We\'ve also provided a direct link to its documentation, also from the tool\'s website. You can find this link at the top of the \'Documentation\' column, just below the image.</p> <p>Once you\'ve checked it out, we\'d love to have your impressions!</p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-20 19:31:57','2014-01-20 19:32:25'),(1382,211,27,'This looks very interesting and I would love to try it. But like rfd, I\'m afraid I can\'t see how to input text, and I can\'t see either any help on the format the text might take.',1,0,0,'2014-01-28 09:14:49','2014-01-28 09:14:49'),(1383,9,27,'<p>Hello PWT T.,</p> <p>Thank you for your feedback. We link to the tool\'s homepage and documentation wherever possible, but for tools like Voyant\'s FeatureClusters, we only have limited information.</p> <p>I did some checking, and it appears that this tool is not currently available, likely owing to its experimental status. As such, we know a bit about it, but there is no tool homepage or documentation to link to yet.</p> <p>That said, Voyant is a large family of tools and there may be another one that you would find similarly interesting, such as their Links, RezoViz or Mandala. You can browse all the Voyant tools in TAPoR on its family page:</p> <p><a href=\\\"../filterbyattribute?att_val_id=36\\\">http://www.tapor.ca/tools/filterbyattribute?att_val_id=36</a></p> <p>If you\'d like more information on how to use individual tools, click on the link provided under Documentation on its entry page. This will take you to Voyant\'s own documentation for that tool. You can also see all the documentation available at Voyant\'s own Tool Index page:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://docs.voyant-tools.org/tools/\\\">http://docs.voyant-tools.org/tools/ </a></p> <p>In addition, Voyant has a Getting Started tutorial for new users:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://docs.voyant-tools.org/start/\\\">http://docs.voyant-tools.org/start/</a></p> <p>I hope this helps. TAPoR 2.5 is an ongoing project, and we appreciate your feedback. If you have any other questions for us, I am monitoring the site\'s comments, or you can contact us directly at <a href=\\\"mailto:tapor@ualberta.ca\\\">tapor@ualberta.ca</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><em>Updated February 12 to correct a broken link.</em></p>',1,0,0,'2014-01-28 20:31:42','2014-02-12 23:36:07'),(1384,246,1,'My fellow citizens:  I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.  Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.  So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.  That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.  These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America\'s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.  Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many.  They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.  On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.  We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.  In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.  For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.  For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.  For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn. Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.  This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.  For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology\'s wonders to raise health care\'s quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.  Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.  What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public\'s dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.  Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control - and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart - not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.  As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience\'s sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.  Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.  We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort - even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.  For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus - and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.  To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect.  To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society\'s ills on the West - know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.  To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world\'s resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.  As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages.  We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment - a moment that will define a generation - it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.  For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter\'s courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent\'s willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.  Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends - hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism - these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility - a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.  This is the price and the promise of citizenship.  This is the source of our confidence - the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.  This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed - why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.  So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America\'s birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:  \\\"Let it be told to the future world...that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it].\\\"  America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children\'s children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God\'s grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.',1,0,0,'2014-02-12 17:50:20','2014-02-18 17:46:19'),(1385,256,4,'',1,1,0,'2014-02-17 17:09:35','2018-10-17 02:10:16'),(1386,9,198,'<p>Abbot also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Abbot in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/abbot\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/abbot </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 17:44:44','2014-02-18 17:45:20'),(1387,9,304,'<p>ANNIS also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View ANNIS in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/annis\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/annis</a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/ </a></p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 17:51:32','2018-09-18 02:23:33'),(1388,9,148,'<p>AntConc also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View AntConc in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/antconc\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/antconc </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 17:53:00','2014-02-18 17:53:38'),(1389,9,86,'<p>Anthologize also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Anthologize in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/anthologize\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/anthologize </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 17:54:26','2014-02-18 17:54:50'),(1390,9,149,'<p>AntWordProfiler also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View AntWordProfiler in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/antwordprofiler\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/antwordprofiler </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 17:55:31','2014-02-18 17:55:57'),(1391,9,184,'<p>ATLAS.ti also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View ATLAS.ti in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/atlasti\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/atlasti </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 17:57:01','2018-09-18 01:43:59'),(1392,9,165,'<p>CATMA also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View CATMA in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/catma-computer-aided-textual-markup-analysis\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/catma-computer-aided-textual-markup-analysis </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 17:58:04','2014-02-18 17:58:24'),(1393,9,295,'<p>Circos also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Circos in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/circos\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/circos </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:02:32','2014-02-18 18:02:52'),(1394,9,98,'<p>Citeline also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Citeline in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/citeline\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/citeline </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:08:48','2014-02-18 18:09:16'),(1395,9,150,'<p>CLAWS also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View CLAWS in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/claws-tagger\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/claws-tagger </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:10:06','2014-02-18 18:10:35'),(1396,9,185,'<p>CollateX also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View CollateX in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/collatex\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/collatex </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:16:35','2014-02-18 18:17:10'),(1397,9,88,'<p>Commentpress also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Commentpress in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/commentpress\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/commentpress </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/ </a></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:25:18','2014-02-18 18:25:44'),(1398,9,202,'<p>Concordance also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Concordance in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/concordance\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/concordance </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:30:23','2014-02-18 18:30:47'),(1399,9,310,'<p>CorpusSearch also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View CorpusSearch in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/corpussearch\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/corpussearch </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',0,1,0,'2014-02-18 18:32:35','2018-10-06 00:43:37'),(1400,9,186,'<p>cue.language also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View cue.language in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/cuelanguage\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/cuelanguage </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:34:18','2014-02-18 18:35:23'),(1401,9,187,'<p>CulturalAnalytics also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View CulturalAnalytics in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/culturalanalytics\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/culturalanalytics </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:37:32','2014-02-18 18:37:56'),(1402,9,122,'<p>Cytoscape also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Cytoscape in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/cytoscape\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/cytoscape </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\"> http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:47:34','2014-02-18 18:48:35'),(1403,9,112,'<p>d3.js also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View d3.js in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/d3js\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/d3js </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 18:49:22','2018-10-26 00:59:29'),(1404,9,188,'<p>Diction also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Diction in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/diction\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/diction </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:50:27','2014-02-18 18:50:51'),(1405,9,293,'<p></p>\n<p>---</p>',0,1,0,'2014-02-18 18:54:55','2018-10-05 20:10:11'),(1406,9,290,'<p>DM (Digital Mappaemundi) also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View DM (Digital Mappaemundi) in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/dm-digital-mappaemundi\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/dm-digital-mappaemundi </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',0,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:57:16','2018-10-06 01:10:31'),(1407,9,309,'<p>DocuScope also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View DocuScope in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/docuscope\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/docuscope </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 18:58:42','2014-02-18 18:59:06'),(1408,9,291,'<p></p>\n<p>---</p>',0,1,0,'2014-02-18 19:01:09','2018-10-05 20:05:51'),(1409,9,168,'<p>FromThePage also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View FromThePage in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/fromthepage\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/fromthepage </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:04:35','2014-02-18 19:04:58'),(1410,9,169,'<p>GapVis also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View GapVis in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/gapvis\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/gapvis </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:08:18','2014-02-18 19:08:46'),(1411,9,229,'<p>GATE also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View GATE in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/gate\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/gate </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:11:59','2014-02-18 19:12:19'),(1412,9,171,'<p>Gephi also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Gephi in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/gephi\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/gephi </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:13:09','2014-02-18 19:13:39'),(1413,9,146,'<p>Graphviz also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Graphviz in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/graphviz\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/graphviz </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:14:47','2014-02-18 19:15:13'),(1414,9,316,'<p>HyperPo also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View HyperPo in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/hyperpo\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/hyperpo </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:16:24','2014-02-18 19:16:49'),(1415,9,152,'<p>Many Eyes also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Many Eyes in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/ibm-many-eyes\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/ibm-many-eyes </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:18:25','2014-02-18 19:18:45'),(1416,9,128,'<p>The InfoVis Toolkit also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View the InfoVis Toolkit in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/javascript-infovis-toolkit\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/javascript-infovis-toolkit </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:19:44','2014-02-18 19:20:32'),(1417,9,308,'<p>LATtice also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View LATtice in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/lattice\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/lattice </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:21:22','2014-02-18 19:21:46'),(1418,9,302,'<p>Lexomics also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Lexomics in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/lexomics\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/lexomics </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:22:25','2014-02-18 19:22:46'),(1419,9,249,'<p>LIWC also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View LIWC in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/linguistic-inquiry-and-word-count-liwc\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/linguistic-inquiry-and-word-count-liwc </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:29:40','2014-02-18 19:30:16'),(1420,9,197,'<p>Mallet also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Mallet in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/mallet\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/mallet </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:31:03','2014-02-18 19:33:14'),(1421,9,248,'<p>MAXQDA also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View MAXQDA in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/maxqda\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/maxqda </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 19:34:02','2018-10-19 01:29:11'),(1422,9,90,'<p>MONK also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View MONK in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/monk-project\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/monk-project </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:37:10','2014-02-18 19:37:37'),(1423,9,91,'<p></p>\n<p>---</p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 19:38:31','2018-10-05 19:22:53'),(1424,9,306,'<p>Neatline also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Neatline in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/neatline\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/neatline </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:40:43','2014-02-18 19:41:13'),(1425,9,340,'<p>NewRadial also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View NewRadial in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/newradial-inke\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/newradial-inke </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:42:39','2014-02-18 19:43:16'),(1426,9,242,'<p>NVivo also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View NVivo in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/nvivo\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/nvivo </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 19:45:13','2018-09-21 18:07:01'),(1427,9,296,'<p>OpenRefine also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View OpenRefine in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/openrefine\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/openrefine </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:46:48','2014-02-18 19:47:50'),(1428,9,173,'<p>Orange also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Orange in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/orange\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/orange </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:48:58','2014-02-18 19:49:25'),(1429,9,174,'<p>ORBIS also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View ORBIS in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/orbis\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/orbis </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:50:23','2014-02-18 19:50:52'),(1430,9,313,'<p>PAIR also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View PAIR in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/pair-pairwise-alignment-intertextual-relations\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/pair-pairwise-alignment-intertextual-relations </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:52:09','2014-02-18 19:52:32'),(1431,9,94,'<p>PhiloGL also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View PhiloGL in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/philogl\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/philogl </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 19:53:34','2014-02-18 19:53:54'),(1432,9,167,'<p>PhiloLogic also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View PhiloLogic in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/philologic\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/philologic </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:03:07','2014-02-18 20:04:14'),(1433,9,343,'<p></p>\n<p>---</p>',0,1,0,'2014-02-18 20:04:57','2018-10-05 19:02:32'),(1434,9,191,'<p>PressBooks also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View PressBooks in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/pressbooks\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/pressbooks </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:12:41','2014-02-18 20:15:24'),(1435,9,130,'<p>Processing also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Processing in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/processing\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/processing </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 20:16:06','2018-10-26 00:47:55'),(1436,9,114,'<p>ProtoVis also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View ProtoVis in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/protovis\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/protovis </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:18:56','2014-02-18 20:19:28'),(1437,9,292,'<p>Quadrigram also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Quadrigram in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/quadrigram\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/quadrigram </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:22:38','2014-02-18 20:22:58'),(1438,9,97,'<p>Scripto also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Scripto in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/scripto-0\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/scripto-0 </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:24:38','2014-02-18 20:25:03'),(1439,9,175,'<p>Sophie also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Sophie in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/sophie\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/sophie </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:26:57','2014-02-18 20:27:18'),(1440,9,106,'<p>The Part-of-Speech Tagger also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Part-of-Speech Tagger in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/stanford-pos-tagger\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/stanford-pos-tagger </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:28:23','2014-02-18 20:28:45'),(1441,9,176,'<p>T-PEN also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View T-PEN in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/t-pen-transcription-paleographical-and-editorial-notation\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/t-pen-transcription-paleographical-and-editorial-notation </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:31:10','2014-02-18 20:31:38'),(1442,9,115,'<p>TagCrowd also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View TagCrowd in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/tagcrowd\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/tagcrowd </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:33:07','2014-02-18 20:37:13'),(1443,9,298,'<p>Tesserae also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Tesserae in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/tesserae\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/tesserae </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:37:59','2014-02-18 20:38:25'),(1444,9,312,'<p>TAToo also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View TAToo in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/text-analysis-me-too-tatoo\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/text-analysis-me-too-tatoo </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:39:10','2014-02-18 20:39:33'),(1445,9,311,'<p>The TAMS Analyzer also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View the TAMS Analyzer in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/text-analysis-markup-system-tams-analyzer\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/text-analysis-markup-system-tams-analyzer </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:40:22','2014-02-18 20:41:24'),(1446,9,240,'<p>Textal also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Textal in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textal\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textal </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:42:08','2014-02-18 20:42:28'),(1447,9,177,'<p>Textalyser also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Textalyser in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textalyser\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textalyser </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:44:17','2014-02-18 20:44:36'),(1448,9,299,'<p>Textexture also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Textexture in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textexture\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textexture </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:45:33','2014-02-18 20:45:51'),(1449,9,341,'<p>TextGrid also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View TextGrid in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textgrid\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textgrid </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:47:27','2014-02-18 20:47:50'),(1450,9,178,'<p>TextSTAT also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View TextSTAT in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textstat-simple-text-analysis-tool\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/textstat-simple-text-analysis-tool </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 20:59:00','2014-02-18 20:59:20'),(1451,9,89,'<p>TILE also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View TILE in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/tile-text-image-linking-environment\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/tile-text-image-linking-environment </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:00:19','2014-02-18 21:00:47'),(1452,9,193,'<p>Timeline JS also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Timeline JS in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/timeline-js\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/timeline-js </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:01:34','2014-02-18 21:01:59'),(1453,9,305,'<p>TimeRime also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View TimeRime in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/timerime\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/timerime </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:05:26','2014-02-18 21:05:51'),(1454,9,179,'<p>TokenX also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View TokenX in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/tokenx\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/tokenx </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:06:19','2014-02-18 21:06:42'),(1455,9,241,'<p>Transana also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Transana in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/transana\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/transana </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:07:15','2014-02-18 21:07:35'),(1456,9,194,'<p>TXM also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View TXM in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/txm\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/txm </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 21:08:26','2018-09-21 00:12:03'),(1457,9,301,'<p>UAM CorpusTool also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View UAM CorpusTool in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/uam-corpustool\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/uam-corpustool </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 21:12:33','2018-10-06 00:26:48'),(1458,9,387,'<p></p>\n<p>---</p>',0,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:15:28','2018-10-05 19:43:45'),(1459,9,195,'<p>VARD 2 also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View VARD 2 in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/vard\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/vard </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:19:45','2014-02-18 21:20:28'),(1460,9,118,'<p>Versioning Machine also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Versioning Machine in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/versioning-machine\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/versioning-machine </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:21:07','2014-02-18 21:21:26'),(1461,9,307,'<p></p>\n<p>---</p>',0,1,0,'2014-02-18 21:22:00','2018-10-05 19:00:25'),(1462,9,180,'<p>WEAVE also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View WEAVE in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/weave\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/weave </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:25:29','2014-02-18 21:25:47'),(1463,9,303,'<p>WebLicht also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View WebLicht in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/weblicht\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/weblicht </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,1,0,'2014-02-18 21:26:16','2018-10-06 00:28:53'),(1464,9,354,'<p>Weka also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Weka in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/weka\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/weka </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:27:02','2014-02-18 21:27:23'),(1465,9,196,'<p>Wmatrix also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Wmatrix in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/wmatrix\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/wmatrix </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:27:53','2014-02-18 21:28:17'),(1466,9,93,'<p></p>\n<p>---</p>',0,1,0,'2014-02-18 21:28:51','2018-10-05 19:11:18'),(1467,9,216,'<p>WordCruncher also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View WordCruncher in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/wordcruncher\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/wordcruncher </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:30:28','2014-02-18 21:30:59'),(1468,9,300,'<p></p>\n<p>---</p>',0,1,0,'2014-02-18 21:31:36','2018-10-06 00:25:28'),(1469,9,4,'<p>Wordle also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Wordle in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/wordle\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/wordle </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',0,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:32:35','2018-10-17 02:10:24'),(1470,9,119,'<p>WordSmith also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View WordSmith in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/wordsmith\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/wordsmith </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:33:25','2014-02-18 21:34:03'),(1471,9,181,'<p>Xalan also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Xalan in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/xalan\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/xalan </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:35:18','2014-02-18 21:35:41'),(1472,9,182,'<p>XSugar also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View XSugar in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/xsugar\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/xsugar </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:36:55','2014-02-18 21:37:11'),(1473,9,183,'<p>Yutzu also appears in Project Bamboo\'s DiRT, a registry of digital tools suitable for academic research. DiRT contains a wide range of tools and software searchable by task, such as annotation, content management, collaborative research, or authoring. It is an excellent resource for Digital Humanists seeking the right tool for the task at hand.</p> <p>View Yutzu in DiRT:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/yutzu\\\">http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/resources/yutzu </a></p> <p>View the full site:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/\\\"> http://dirt.projectbamboo.org/</a> </p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-18 21:37:50','2014-02-18 21:38:20'),(1474,9,267,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>INRAC was a language compiler and natural language processing system created by Tom Etter and William Chamberlain (Olsen 161). It required an IBM PC or compatible with 128K of RAM and was available from INRAC Inc. (Olsen 167).</p> <p>INRAC had a wide applicability, and \\\"[could] be used to prototype formal natural language interfaces, design conversation systems, and develop experimental forms of computer-generated prose and poetry\\\" (Olsen 161).</p> <p>Mark Olsen reviewed the INRAC system in 1989 for the journal Computers and the Humanities. His assessment was conflicted - though in his view it \\\"would prove interesting as a means of testing ideas concerning natural language interfaces in, for example, computer-assisted language education\\\" (181), he also found it unavoidably idiosyncratic:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">While it has many sophisticated features, such as a built-in conjugation system and supports compilation of lists of related lexical items, INRAC is rather poorly designed and implemented...[i]t might be recommended to individuals who are interested in experimenting with writing interactive systems, but only to those who have considerable amounts of time to kill and a very high frustration threshold. (181)</p> <p>To its credit, INRAC somewhat \\\"reduces the amount of code required to write natural language interface programs\\\" (Olsen 162). It also included a sophisticated conjugation system (Olsen 164). It included an editor and debugger, E, that checked for syntax errors and inserted code and variables into the appropriate files (Olsen 162). However, E had a number of bugs that made it preferable for Olsen to make his edits in another program and load the files into E only once he was ready to run them (162).</p> <p>INRAC had a number of notable detrimental characteristics. Its documentation was, in Olsen\'s opinion, \\\"simply awful\\\" (Olsen 164). It could only store a limited number of variables (which themselves stored commands and subroutine calls) (Olsen 163). From the user\'s perspective, its \\\"[c]onditional statements and control of program flow are rather cryptic,\\\" compounded by the developers\' choice not to include common programming syntax like loops, and instead use small, self-contained modules (163). As a whole, Olsen found that though \\\"[i]t would be unreasonable to expect INRAC to emulate the logical programming of PROLOG...the current implementation of logical or associative data structures seems to be very weak (Olsen 164).</p> <p>His final assessment of INRAC as a tool for general use within the humanities was firmly negative:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">Ignoring my dislike for the INRAC language compiler\'s syntax and design philosophy, which I feel would seriously encumber a reasonably large and complex programming effort, I still cannot recommend INRAC since it is not well finished and documented...[t]his is unfortunate, since INRAC\'s potential...is very great. As currently implemented, however, INRAC is far too idiosyncratic and too poorly finished to be attractive to large numbers of programmers in the humanities. (Olsen 166-167)</p> <p>Nevertheless, Olsen still felt that \\\"INRAC is an important development in humanities processing\\\" (Olsen 181).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p><span>Olsen, Mark. \\\"Software Review: Talking Back: The INRAC Language Compiler.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 23.2 (1989):161-167. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200156\\\">Web</a>.</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-25 22:49:19','2014-02-25 22:50:33'),(1475,9,270,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>STASEL, an acronym for \\\"Stylistic Treatment at the Sentence Level,\\\" was a system for teaching style integrating both artificial intelligence and natural language processing techniques (Payette and Hirst 87). Its developers, Julie Payette and Graeme Hirst of the University of Toronto, described it as</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">an intelligent computer-assisted language instruction system that is designed to teach principals of syntactic style to students of English. Unlike conventional style checkers, the system performs a complete syntactic analysis of its input, and takes the student\'s stylistic intent into account when providing a diagnosis. (87)</p> <p>The system was developed C-PROLOG under UNIX (Payette and Hirst 91). STASEL included a syntactic parser, a prototype lexicon, Prolog utilities to handle its string manipulation and I/O functions, a goal-directed style analyzer, and an information module that formed part of the system\'s output message generation (91). According to Payette and Hirst,</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The parser, lexicon, and utility modules serve as a front end for the subsequent stylistic analysis. With the I/O routines of the utility module, the parser reads the input sentence and stores the words in a list structure that is examined from left to right, with backtracking as necessary. (91)</p> <p>STASEL integrated a number of features that differentiated it from similar experimental or commercial stylistic programs:</p> <ul> <li>it bases its analysis upon the writer\'s stylistic intent; that is, the system performs a goal-directed stylistic analysis;</li> <li>it is based upon a comprehensive parser that can recognize stylistic features and analyze an important set of English structures[...];</li> <li>it generates explicit representations of a sentence\'s syntactic structure in the form of parse trees, one of which, the stylistic parse tree, is specifically constructed for stylistic analysis and for teaching the mechanics of English sentence construction;</li> <li>it is designed for educational purposes and provides a communicative environment where the student can \\\"learn by doing.\\\" (Payette and Hirst 88-89)</li> </ul> <p>In keeping with its instructional aims, STASEL was an interactive system capable of accepting full sentences and \\\"analyz[ing] their lexical, structural and positional characteristics\\\" (Payette and Hirst 89). It was designed to be extensible, so that additional text and semantic processing capabilities could be incorporated at a later date (89). Payette and Hirst identified expandability as a central motivation for STASEL, as it was their intent \\\"that the STASEL prototype will form the basis for the development of intelligent tutoring systems for teaching writing\\\" (Payette and Hirst 100).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p><span>Payette, Julie and Graeme Hirst. \\\"An Intelligent Computer-Assistant for Stylistic Instruction.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.2 (1992): 87-102. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204449\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-25 22:51:33','2014-02-25 22:54:53'),(1476,9,268,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>Parser 1.0 was a text analysis program for IBM PC or compatibles running a minimum of DOS 2.1 (Francis 406). It was developed by Prospero Software, based in London, England (Francis 409).</p> <p>According to Alexander L. Francis, who reviewed Parser 1.0 for the journal <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> in 1993,</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\"><em>Parser 1.0</em> is designed to take in an arbitrarily large ASCII text file and generate a \\\"verticalized\\\" output file containing the words in the text in a variety of different orders, each word paired with one of the 104 \\\"part-of-speech\\\" tags that have been taken into account by the program\'s authors. (Francis 406)</p> <p>Francis found the installation straightforward for experienced DOS users, and the step-by-step instructions provided for less experienced users simple to follow (406). He was also pleased with the program\'s design and supporting documentation:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">The excellent instructions make <em>Parser</em> extremely easy to use in its most basic mode. The 63 page documentation booklet is well written and informative, though I would have preferred a little more information about the precise method of analysis used by <em>Parser</em>. (406)</p> <p>The program\'s parsing function was fast, done in seconds for files of 500 words or less, though Francis noted that he did not test Parser with larger files (406). Its output was in the form of an ASCII file that could be processed further with Parser\'s REPORT.EXE package (406). The raw output was \\\"alphabetically ordered by tag within each sentence, and alphabetically by word within each category of tag\\\" (Francis 408). Parser also included a batch processing capacity for automating the parsing and output file generation for a sequence of files (Francis 406).</p> <p>Francis had just one complaint about the program, pertaining to its part-of-speech tagging: that it seemed to rely on heavily on the built-in lexicon, and therefore could not provide alternate tags for the user to choose the most appropriate from (Francis 407).</p> <p>Overall, he judged Parser to be useful and effective for word frequency analysis and general parsing, though he recommended testing the program with a subset of one\'s corpus before taking its results at face value (Francis 408).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> <p><span>Francis, Alexander L. \\\"Technical Review: Parser 1.0: An Elementary Parsing Program for the DOS Environment.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 27.5-6 (1993): 406-409. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204567\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-25 22:56:01','2014-02-25 22:57:08'),(1477,9,271,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>Morfogen, Morffile/Morfword and Inflword were a package set of interrelated tools for morphological analysis (Kim 133). This package was available from Executive Communication Systems, Inc. in Utah, USA, and ran on IBM PCs and compatibles with 640K of RAM and 1MB of free hard drive space (133).</p> <p>It could perform numerous morphological processes \\\"from simple prefixation and suffixation to circumfixation, (de)gemination, context sensitive rules and intercalating morphology common in Semitic languages\\\" (133).</p> <p>Kyunghwan Kim reviewed this package for the journal <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> in 1993. He described Morfogen as \\\"a finite state compiler for morphological analysis. Rules compiled by <em>Morfogen</em> are used with <em>Morffile</em> and <em>Morfword</em>\\\" (133). Morffile conducted a search and replace on the user\'s text, replacing words with their stems (133). Users could also have Morffile include the names of morphemes with the stem forms (133). Rather than just segmenting words (\\\"horse + s\\\"), the Morrfile/Morfword components represented words plus their morphological features as \\\"horse + plural\\\" (133).</p> <p>Morfword generated stem forms and morpheme names for single words typed directly into the user interface (133). The fourth program in the set, Inflword, took user input and produced inflected words by applying a compiled finite state machine generated by a related program called Inflogen (133).</p> <p>Kim had one major complaint about Morfogen et al:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">It would be more convenient for users if the software allowed them to change options, edit input files and reload the files within the program. Another possible improvement would be to have a logging mechanism which writes to a disk file the information displayed on the screen during the execution of <em>Morfword</em> and <em>Inflword</em>. (Kim 135)</p> <p>The set included a user manual that covers all four programs, the programs on a 5.25in and a 3.5in disk, and dictionaries and rule files for English, French and Turkish, with additional languages available from the publisher (133).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Source </strong></p> <p><span>Kyunghwan, Kim. \\\"Technical Review: Morfogen, Morffile/Morfword, Inflword, Version 2.0.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 27.2 (1993): 133-135. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30204485\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-25 22:58:30','2014-02-25 22:59:22'),(1478,9,391,'<p>Many thanks to Dr. Stephen Reimer, who provided a copy of LitStats, its documentation, and a bibliography of publications referencing the tool to TAPoR.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>LitStats was reviewed in the following:</p> <p>LitStats, version 1.62.&nbsp; Reviewed by Estelle Irizarry.&nbsp; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Computers and the Humanities</span> 25.6 (Dec. 1991): 455-458.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>For more information on LitStats and its applications, please see the following:</p> <p>Schmidhuber, Guillermo.&nbsp; &ldquo;<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">La segunda Celestina</span>: Sor Juana y la Estilometr&iacute;a.&rdquo;&nbsp; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Vuelta</span> 174 (May 1991): 54-60.</p> <p>Irizarry, Estelle.&nbsp; &ldquo;Some Approaches to Computer Analysis of Dialogue in Theatre: Buero Vallejo&rsquo;s <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">En la ardiente oscuridad</span>.&rdquo;&nbsp; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Computers and the Humanities</span> 25 (1991): 15-25.</p> <p>Irizarry, Estelle.&nbsp; &ldquo;Stylistic Analysis of a Corpus of Twentieth-Century Spanish Narrative.&rdquo;&nbsp; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Computers and the Humanities</span> 24 (1990): 265-274.</p> <p>Irizarry, Estelle.&nbsp; &ldquo;Literary Analysis and the Microcomputer.&rdquo;&nbsp; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Hispania</span> 71.4 (Dec. 1988): 984-995.</p> <p>Irizarry, Estelle.&nbsp; &ldquo;Some Approaches to Computer Analysis of Dialogue in Theatre: Buero Vallejo&rsquo;s <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">En la ardiente oscuridad</span>.&rdquo;&nbsp; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Computers and the Humanities</span> 25 (1991): 15-25.</p> <p>Irizarry, Estelle.&nbsp; &ldquo;A Computer-Assisted Investigation of Gender-Related Idiolect in Octavio Paz and Rosario Castellanos.&rdquo; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Computers and the Humanities</span> 26 (1992): 103-117.</p> <p>Raschio, Richard A., and Ren&eacute;e Milstein.&nbsp; &ldquo;Bibliografia anotada de logicales, video discos y discos compactos para la ense&ntilde;anza del espa&ntilde;ol o para usa en cursos biling&uuml;es.&rdquo;&nbsp; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Hispania</span> 76 (1993): 683-720.</p> <p>Irizarry, Estelle.&nbsp; &ldquo;The Two Authors of Columbus&rsquo; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Diary</span>.&rdquo; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Computers and the Humanities</span> 27 (1993): 85-92.</p> <p>Instituto Cervantes.&nbsp; <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Cat&aacute;logo de materiales inform&aacute;ticos para el aprendizaje del espa&ntilde;ol como lengua extranjera</span>.&nbsp; Madrid: DORSL, 1997.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2014-02-27 23:26:55','2014-02-27 23:32:19'),(1479,278,9,'urban planning ',1,0,0,'2014-03-04 04:30:22','2014-03-04 22:24:17'),(1480,284,1,'Climate change? Try catastrophic climate breakdown The message from the IPCC report is familiar and shattering: it\'s as bad as we thought it was Share 2908   16 inShare 44 Email Mary Robinson Former Irish president Mary Robinson emphasized the need to leave fossil fuels untouched. Photograph: Martin Argles for the Guardian Already, a thousand blogs and columns insist the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\'s new report is a rabid concoction of scare stories whose purpose is to destroy the global economy. But it is, in reality, highly conservative.  Reaching agreement among hundreds of authors and reviewers ensures that only the statements which are hardest to dispute are allowed to pass. Even when the scientists have agreed, the report must be tempered in another forge, as politicians question anything they find disagreeable: the new report received 1,855 comments from 32 governments, and the arguments raged through the night before launch.  In other words, it\'s perhaps the biggest and most rigorous process of peer review conducted in any scientific field, at any point in human history.  There are no radical departures in this report from the previous assessment, published in 2007; just more evidence demonstrating the extent of global temperature rises, the melting of ice sheets and sea ice, the retreat of the glaciers, the rising and acidification of the oceans and the changes in weather patterns. The message is familiar and shattering: \\\"It\'s as bad as we thought it was.\\\"  What the report describes, in its dry, meticulous language, is the collapse of the benign climate in which humans evolved and have prospered, and the loss of the conditions upon which many other lifeforms depend. Climate change and global warming are inadequate terms for what it reveals. The story it tells is of climate breakdown.  This is a catastrophe we are capable of foreseeing but incapable of imagining. It\'s a catastrophe we are singularly ill-equipped to prevent.  The IPCC\'s reports attract denial in all its forms: from a quiet turning away – the response of most people – to shrill disavowal. Despite – or perhaps because of – their rigours, the IPCC\'s reports attract a magnificent collection of conspiracy theories: the panel is trying to tax us back to the stone age or establish a Nazi/communist dictatorship in which we are herded into camps and forced to crochet our own bicycles. (And they call the scientists scaremongers …)  In the Mail, the Telegraph and the dusty basements of the internet, Friday\'s report (or a draft leaked a few weeks ago) has been trawled for any uncertainties that could be used to discredit. The panel reports that on every continent except Antarctica, man-made warming is likely to have made a substantial contribution to the surface temperature. So those who feel threatened by the evidence ignore the other continents and concentrate on Antarctica, as proof that climate change caused by fossil fuels can\'t be happening.  They make great play of the IPCC\'s acknowledgement that there has been a \\\"reduction in surface warming trend over the period 1998–2012\\\", but somehow ignore the fact that the past decade is still the warmest in the instrumental record.  They manage to overlook the panel\'s conclusion that this slowing of the trend is likely to have been caused by volcanic eruptions, fluctuations in solar radiation and natural variability in the planetary cycle.  Were it not for man-made global warming, these factors could have made the world significantly cooler over this period. That there has been a slight increase in temperature shows the power of the human contribution.  But denial is only part of the problem. More significant is the behaviour of powerful people who claim to accept the evidence. This week the former Irish president Mary Robinson added her voice to a call that some of us have been making for years: the only effective means of preventing climate breakdown is to leave fossil fuels in the ground. Press any minister on this matter in private and, in one way or another, they will concede the point. Yet no government will act on it.  As if to mark the publication of the new report, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills has now plastered a giant poster across its ground-floor windows: \\\"UK oil and gas: Energising Britain. £13.5bn is being invested in recovering UK oil and gas this year, more than any other industrial sector.\\\"  The message couldn\'t have been clearer if it had said \\\"up yours\\\". It is an example of the way in which all governments collaborate in the disaster they publicly bemoan. They sagely agree with the need to do something to avert the catastrophe the panel foresees, while promoting the industries that cause it.  It doesn\'t matter how many windmills or solar panels or nuclear plants you build if you are not simultaneously retiring fossil fuel production. We need a global programme whose purpose is to leave most coal and oil and gas reserves in the ground, while developing new sources of power and reducing the amazing amount of energy we waste.  But, far from doing so, governments everywhere are still seeking to squeeze every drop out of their own reserves, while trying to secure access to other people\'s. As more accessible reservoirs are emptied, energy companies exploit the remotest parts of the planet, bribing and bullying governments to allow them to break open unexploited places: from the deep ocean to the melting Arctic.  And the governments who let them do it weep sticky black tears over the state of the planet.',1,0,0,'2014-03-05 18:56:25','2014-03-05 18:56:54'),(1481,9,404,'<p>More information on LEMMA is available in the following article:</p> <p>Krause, Wolfgang and Gerd Willee. \\\"Lemmatizing German Newspaper Texts with the Aid of an Algorithm.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.2 (1981): 101-113. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404203\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-06 19:46:33','2014-03-06 19:50:16'),(1482,9,403,'<p>More information on HAWKEYE is available in the following article:</p> <p>Guinn, Dorothy Margaret. \\\"The Making of a Masterpiece: <em>Stephen Crane\'s The Red Badge of Courage</em>.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 14.4 (1980): 231-239. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404432\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-06 19:52:31','2014-03-06 19:53:32'),(1483,9,402,'<p>More information about AUTHOR is available in the following article:</p> <p>Ariew, Robert. \\\"Software Review: AUTHOR.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 12.3 (1978): 93-96. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02400091\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-06 20:10:17','2014-03-06 20:12:03'),(1484,9,401,'<p>More information on the UNICORN Concording System is available in the following article:</p> <p>Preston, Michael J. and Samuel S. Coleman. \\\"Some Considerations Concerning Encoding and Concording Texts.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 12.1-2 (1978): 3-12. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02392910\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-06 20:14:50','2014-03-06 20:16:06'),(1485,9,400,'<p>More information on T.A.P is available in the following article:</p> <p>Henkels, Robert M. and Esteban R. Egea. \\\"Using a Computer-Generated Concordance to Analyze and Document Stylistic Devices in Robert Pinget\'s Fable.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 11.6 (1977): 325-338. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02428133\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-06 20:22:22','2014-03-06 20:23:38'),(1486,9,399,'<p>More information on TEXTAN is available in the following article:</p> <p>Hanon, Suzanne. \\\"The Study of English Loan-Words in Modern French.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 7.6 (1973): 389-398. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02395114\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-06 20:35:06','2014-03-06 20:36:44'),(1487,9,393,'<p>More information on KWIC is available in the following article:</p> <p>Venezky, Richard L. \\\"Computer-Aided Humanities Research at the University of Wisconsin.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 3.3 (1969): 129-138. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02401603\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-06 20:44:58','2014-03-06 20:46:03'),(1488,9,392,'<p>More information on BIBCON is available in the following article:</p> <p>Venezky, Richard L. \\\"Computer-Aided Humanities Research at the University of Wisconsin.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 3.3 (1969): 129-138. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02401603\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-06 20:46:21','2014-03-06 20:46:37'),(1489,9,405,'<p>More information about UNICON is available in the following article:</p> <p>Burton, Dolores M. \\\"Automated Concordances and Word Indexes: The Process, the Programs and the Products.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.3 (1981): 139-154. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-11 17:58:53','2014-03-11 18:00:47'),(1490,9,406,'<p>More information about DISCON is available in the following article:</p> <p>Burton, Dolores M. \\\"Automated Concordances and Word Indexes: The Process, the Programs and the Products.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.3 (1981): 139-154. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-11 18:07:07','2014-03-11 18:08:46'),(1491,9,407,'<p>More information about TRICON is available in the following article:</p> <p>Burton, Dolores M. \\\"Automated Concordances and Word Indexes: The Process, the Programs and the Products.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.3 (1981): 139-154. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-11 18:27:02','2014-03-11 18:41:51'),(1492,9,408,'<p>More information about the Scharfenberg-Smith Concordance Program is available in the following article:</p> <p>Burton, Dolores M. \\\"Automated Concordances and Word Indexes: The Process, the Programs and the Products.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.3 (1981): 139-154. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-11 18:40:58','2014-03-11 18:41:33'),(1493,9,409,'<p>More information about WATCON is available in the following article:</p> <p>Burton, Dolores M. \\\"Automated Concordances and Word Indexes: The Process, the Programs and the Products.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.3 (1981): 139-154. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-11 18:48:32','2014-03-11 18:49:06'),(1494,9,410,'<p>More information about CONCORD is available in the following article:</p> <p>Burton, Dolores M. \\\"Automated Concordances and Word Indexes: The Process, the Programs and the Products.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 15.3 (1981): 139-154. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-12 16:41:05','2014-03-12 16:41:54'),(1495,9,411,'<p>More information on AUTOSTYL is available in the following articles:</p> <p>Milic, Louis T. \\\"The Annals of Computing: Stylistics.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 16.1 (1982): 19.24. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02259729\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Milic, Louis T. \\\"Progress in Stylistics: Theory, Statistics, Computers.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 25.6 (1991): 393-400. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00141189\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-12 17:13:27','2014-03-12 17:15:37'),(1496,9,412,'<p>More information about SALEM is available in the following article: Willee, Gerd. \\\"Book Reviews: <em>SALEM, Ein Verfahren zur automatischen Analyse deutscher Texte</em>.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 16.1 (1982): 51. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02259734\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-12 17:26:08','2014-03-12 17:26:55'),(1497,9,413,'<p>More information about BALCON is available in the following article:</p> <p>Hockey, S. M. and V. Shibayev. \\\"The bilingual analytical literary and linguistic concordance--BALCON.\\\" <em>ALLC Bulletin</em> 3.2 (1975): 133-139.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-12 18:02:56','2014-03-12 18:04:02'),(1498,9,414,'<p>More information on the CRIC-8 CONCORDER is available in the following articles:</p> <p>Misek, L.D. (1971). A Context Concordance to John Milton\'s \\\"Paradise Lost\' (Andrew R. Jennings Computing Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH).</p> <p>Misek, LD. (1972). Computing a Context: Style, Structure, and The Self-Image of Satan in \'Paradise Lost\' (University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI, 2 volumes).</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-12 18:31:30','2014-03-12 18:32:59'),(1499,9,417,'<p>More information about the Oxford Concordance Program is available in the following article:</p> <div class=\\\"comment-desc\\\">O\'Brien, Frank. \\\"Software Reviews: Oxford Concordance Program.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 20.2 (1986): 138-141. <a href=\\\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200056\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</div>',1,0,0,'2014-03-13 17:43:26','2014-03-13 17:45:07'),(1500,9,418,'<p>More information about DEREDEC, its application and its development is available in the following articles:</p> <p>Leon, Jacqueline and Jean-Marie Marandin. \\\"Sarrasine Revisited: A Perspective in Text-Analysis.\\\" Computers and the Humanities 20.3 (1986): 138-141. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404466\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Plante, P. <em>Manuel de programmation en DEREDEC.</em> Montreal: Centre d\'Analyse des Textes par Ordinateur a Universite du Quebec a Montreal, 1985.</p> <p>Plante, P. \\\"La structure des donnees et des algorithmes en DEREDEC.\\\" <em>Revue quebecoise de linguistique </em>14.2 (1985):119-143</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-13 18:10:15','2014-03-13 18:23:33'),(1501,9,419,'<p>More information about DISCAN\'s PC version is available in the following article:</p> <p>Martindale, Colin. \\\"Technical Reviews: DISCAN: Software for Content and Discourse Analysis.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 25.6 (1991): 439-442. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00141193\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-14 16:47:36','2014-03-14 16:48:15'),(1502,9,420,'<p>More information on STRAP 2.0 is available in the following article:</p> <p>Werner, Stefan. \\\"Technical Reviews: STRAP 2.0.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 25.6 (1991): 442-444. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00141193\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-14 17:09:18','2014-03-14 17:09:56'),(1503,9,421,'<p>More information on FUNES is available in the following article:</p> <p>Coates-Stephens, Sam. \\\"The Analysis and Acquisition of Proper Names for the Understanding of Free Text.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.5-6 (1993): 441-456. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00136985\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-14 17:33:43','2014-03-14 17:35:02'),(1504,9,423,'<p>More information on SimCA 2.0 is available in the following article:</p> <p>McKinnon, Alastair. \\\"The Multi-Dimensional Concordance: A New Tool for Literary Research.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 27.3 (1993): 165-183. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01830069\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-14 18:22:37','2014-03-14 18:23:58'),(1505,9,424,'<p>For more information on ABFREQ, please see the following article:</p> <p>McKinnon, Alastair. \\\"Abberant Frequency Words: Their Identification and Uses.\\\" <em>Glottometrika</em> 2, Bochum (1980): 108-124.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-17 20:55:23','2014-03-17 20:55:46'),(1506,9,425,'<p>More information on PANVS is available in the following article:</p> <p>Al Daimi, Khalid J and Maha A. Abdel-Amir. \\\"The Syntactic Analysis of Arabic by Machine.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 28.1 (1994): 29-37. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01830685\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-17 21:10:54','2014-03-17 21:12:30'),(1507,9,426,'<p>GERTWOL was used in a study described in the following article:</p> <p>Rostek, L. and M. Alexa. \\\"Marking up in TATOE and exporting to SGML.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 31.4 (1997): 311-326. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1001070608920\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-17 21:27:12','2014-03-17 21:28:03'),(1508,9,428,'<p>More information on TOSCA is available in the following articles:</p> <p>van Halteren, H. and N. Oostdijk. &ldquo;Towards a Syntactic Database: The TOSCA Analysis System&rdquo;. <em>English Language Corpora: Design, Analysis and Exploitation</em>. Eds. J. Aarts, P. de Haan and N. Oostdijk. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, 1993. Print.</p> <p>van Halteren, Hans. \\\"The Feasibility of Incremental Linguistic Annotation.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 32.5 (1998): 389-409. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A%3A1001743023032\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Aarts, J., H. van Halteren and N. Oostdijk. &ldquo;The Linguistic Annotation of Corpora: the TOSCA Analysis System&rdquo;. <em>International Journal of Corpus Linguistics</em> 12 (1997): 189-210. <a href=\\\"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/233485200_The_Linguistic_Annotation_of_Corpora_The_TOSCA_Analysis_System\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-17 21:53:51','2014-03-17 21:56:59'),(1509,9,429,'<p>More information on SUSS is available in the following article:</p> <p>Ellman, Jeremy, Ian Klincke and John Tait. \\\"Word Sense Disambiguation by Information Filtering and Extraction.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 34.1-2 (2000): 127-134. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com.login/10.1023/A%3A1002423406899\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-17 22:17:50','2014-03-17 22:18:54'),(1510,9,430,'<p>More information on grling-sdm is available in the following article:</p> <p>O\'Hara, Tom, Janyce Wiebe and Rebecca Bruce. \\\"Selecting Decomposable Models for Word-Sense Disambiguation: The <em>Grling-Sdm</em> System.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 34.1-2 (2000): 159-164. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1002439708427\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-18 16:09:23','2014-03-18 16:10:43'),(1511,9,431,'<p>More information about Wisdom is available in the following article:</p> <p>Suderman, Keith. \\\"Simple Word Sense Disambiguation.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 34.1-2 (2000): 165-170. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A%3A1002661023178\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-18 16:32:29','2014-03-18 16:36:46'),(1512,9,432,'<p>More information on SCBD\'s applications and development are available in the following articles:</p> <p>E. Stamatatos, N. Fakotakis and G. Kokkinakis. &ldquo;A Practical Chunker for Unrestricted Text.&rdquo; <em>Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Natural Language Processing</em>, 2000.</p> <p>E. Stamatatos, N. Fakotakis and G. Kokkinakis. \\\"Computer-Based Authorship Attribution Without Lexical Measures.\\\" Computers and the Humanities 35.2 (2001): 193-214. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1002681919510\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. </p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-18 16:53:13','2014-03-18 16:55:59'),(1513,9,433,'<p>More information about EXPLEX is available in the following publication:</p> <p>Kim, Jong-Sun. <em>Extracting Lexical Database Entries for Proper Nouns from the Wall Street Journal</em>. Diss. Illinois Institute of Technology, 1996. Print.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-18 17:27:21','2014-03-18 17:27:50'),(1514,9,434,'<p>More information on the IITagger is available in the following publication:</p> <p>Kim, Yeongkwun. <em>IITagger: Tagging Wall Street Journal Text with Part-of-Speech Information</em>. Diss. Illinois Institute of Technology, 1996. Print.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-18 17:32:25','2014-03-18 17:32:50'),(1515,9,435,'<p>More information on WinBrill is available in the following article:</p> <p>Winder, William. \\\"Industrial Text and French Neo-structuralism.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 36.3 (2002): 295-306. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1016122115490\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-18 18:01:25','2014-03-18 18:03:23'),(1516,9,435,'<p>According to the <a href=\\\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_tagger\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Wikipedia entry for the Brill Tagger</a>, web-based versions of WinBrill/Brill are available in the following languages:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://folk.uio.no/danielr/tagged-nn.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Nowegian</a></p> <p><a href=\\\"http://cst.dk/online/pos_tagger/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Danish</a></p> <p><a href=\\\"http://cst.dk/online/pos_tagger/uk/index.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">English</a></p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-18 18:08:38','2014-03-18 18:13:06'),(1517,9,436,'<p>More information on SRILM\'s development and applications is available in the following article:</p> <p>Stolcke, Andreas. \\\"SRILM - An Extensible Language Modeling Toolkit.\\\" <em>Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing</em>. September 2002, Denver, Colorado. <a href=\\\"http://www.speech.sri.com/cgi-bin/run-distill?papers/icslp2002-srilm.ps.gz\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>SRLIM was also instrumental to research reported in the following article:</p> <p>Hakkani-T&uuml;r, Dilek Z., Kemal Oflazer and&nbsp;G&ouml;khan T&uuml;r. \\\"Statistical Morphological Disambiguation for Agglitinative Languages.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 36.4 (2002): 381-410. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1020271707826\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-18 18:35:45','2014-03-18 18:46:28'),(1518,9,437,'<p>For more information on KH Coder, please see the following articles:</p> <div class=\\\"bib\\\">Higuchi, K. &amp; Kawabata, A. 2003 \\\"What and How Japanese People Think about the Internet: Analyzing Open-Ended Questions\\\" <em>The 54th Session of the International Statistical Institute</em> (Berlin, Germany: 8/18)</div> <div class=\\\"bib\\\">&nbsp;</div> <div class=\\\"bib\\\">Higuchi, K. &amp; Kawabata, A. 2005 \\\"Japanese Second Thoughts on IT: Analyzing Open-Ended Questions\\\" <em>The 37th World Congress of the International Institute of Sociology</em> (Stockholm, Sweden: 7/9)</div> <div class=\\\"bib\\\">&nbsp;</div> <div class=\\\"bib\\\">Higuchi, K. 2012 \\\"\'The Internet\' in Newspaper Articles and People\'s Minds: A Corpus-Based Exploratory Approach to Social Consciousness in Japan\\\" <em>4th International Conference on Corpus Linguistics</em> (Jaen, Spain: 3/22)</div> <div class=\\\"bib\\\">&nbsp;</div> <p>Numerous articles have been published from research using KH Coder. Dr. Higuchi has collected a comprehensive list on the KH Coder website, available <a href=\\\"http://khc.sourceforge.net/en/bib.html?year=all&amp;lang=English&amp;key=\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">here</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-19 17:12:23','2014-03-19 17:14:38'),(1519,307,8,'Türkiye\'ye kar?? kirli ittifak kuruldu?unu söyleyen AK Parti Genel Ba?kan Yard?mc?s? Numan Kurtulmu?, bu ittifak?n 30 Mart\'ta da??laca??n? ifade etti.   AK Parti Genel Ba?kan Yard?mc?s? Numan Kurtulmu?, Türkiye\'de son 11 y?lda bir çok alanda ba?ar?lara imza at?ld???n? belirterek, \\\"Kanaatimce Türkiye\'nin en önemli projesi, Tayyip Erdo?an\'?n en önemli projesi, çözüm sürecidir. Türkiye\'de bar??? sa?lama te?ebbüsüdür\\\" dedi.  Kurtulmu?, AK Parti Esenler Kad?n Kollar? taraf?ndan Nene Hatun Kültür Merkezi\'nde düzenlenen \\\"Mutlu kad?n, mutlu toplum\\\" program?nda partililere hitap etti.  Seçim çal??malar? kapsam?nda Türkiye\'nin dört bir yan?n? gezdiklerini anlatan Kurtulmu?, vatanda?lar?n gündemi takip etti?ini ve milli iradeye sahip ç?kt???n? kaydetti.  ?çeride ve d??ar?da farkl? gruplar?n, Türkiye üzerine oyun oynamaya çal??t???n? savunan Kurtulmu?, ittifak yapan bu gruplar?n amac?n?n Türkiye\'nin önünü kesmek oldu?unu söyledi. Türkiye\'nin son birkaç aydaki geli?meler sonucu 138 milyar lira zarara u?rad???n? belirten Kurtulmu?, Türkiye\'nin yönetilemez hale getirilmek istendi?ini dile getirdi.  Kurtulmu?, 1980 döneminde de Türkiye\'nin farkl? gruplara ayr?larak, halk?n birbirine dü?ürüldü?ünü hat?rlatt?, bugün de yap?lmak istenenin bu oldu?unu bildirdi.  Ba?bakan ve bakanlar dahil çok say?da ki?inin telefonlar?n?n bile dinlendi?ini kaydeden Kurtulmu?, \\\"Böyle bir ülke olabilir mi?\\\" diye sordu.  Türkiye\'de son 11 y?lda çok ?eyler yap?ld???na de?inen Kurtulmu?, \\\"Kanaatimce Türkiye\'nin en önemli projesi, Tayyip Erdo?an\'?n en önemli projesi; çözüm sürecidir. Türkiye\'de bar??? sa?lama te?ebbüsüdür\\\" diye konu?tu.  Son 28 y?lda teröre 32 bin kurban verildi?ini hat?rlatan Kurtulmu?, bu süreçte 10 binin üzerinde failli meçhul cinayet i?lendi?ini, annelerin Türkçe ve Kürtçe a??tlar yakt???n? söyledi. Türkiye\'nin terör sonucu 28 y?lda 1,2 trilyon dolar para kaybetti?ini de belirten Kurtulmu?, art?k terörden dolay? ülkenin hiçbir yerine tek bir cenaze dahi gelmedi?ini ifade etti.  Kurtulmu?, Türkiye\'nin terör belas?ndan kurtulmas?n? istemeyenler oldu?unu, bunlar?n çözüm sürecini baltalamaya çal??t?klar?n? kaydetti.  \\\"Türkiye\'nin aya??na çelme takmak istiyorlar\\\"  Türkiye\'nin bölgesel ve uluslararas? arenada etkili olmas?n? da istemeyenler oldu?unu anlatan Kurtulmu?, \\\"?çerideki ve d??ar?daki koalisyon ortaklar? bir araya gelmi?, Türkiye\'nin aya??na çelme takmaya çal???yorlar. Türkiye\'yi indirmeye çal???yorlar\\\" dedi.  Cumhurba?kanl??? seçiminde halk?n kendinden olan? seçmesinin engellenmek istendi?ini iddia eden Kurtulmu?, CHP ve MHP\'ye hitaben, \\\"Buyurun millete gidin, milletten oy al?n, milletten icazet al?n, milletten vekalet al?n, gelin bu ülkeyi yönetiyorsan?z ba??m?z?n üstünde yeriniz var. Fakat bu millet size oy vermiyor. 1950\'den beri vermiyor, bundan sonra da vermeyecek\\\" ifadelerini kulland?.  Türkiye\'ye kar?? kirli ittifak kuruldu?unu söyleyen Kurtulmu?, bu ittifak?n 30 Mart\'ta da??laca??n? ifade etti.  Kurtulmu?, 14 May?s 2013\'ün Türkiye ekonomi tarihinin önemli tarihlerinden biri oldu?unu ve art?k IMF\'den borç almayaca??n? ilan etti?ini hat?rlatt?.  Türkiye\'de art?k ?mam Hatip Lisesi ve ba?örtüsü sorununun geride kald???n? belirten Kurtulmu?, TBMM\'de ba?örtülü milletvekilleri oldu?unu söyledi.  Türkiye\'nin dünya genelinde aktif bir siyaset izlemesinden rahats?zl?k duyanlar oldu?unu kaydeden Kurtulmu?, \\\"Yeniden güçlü bir Türkiye\'yi kurmakla yükümlüyüz ve bu yolda sonuna kadar yürüyece?iz\\\" dedi.  Kurtulmu?, BM Güvenlik Konseyi\'nin yap?s?n? da ele?tirerek, 5 daimi üyenin 195 ülkeden büyük olamayaca??n? bildirdi.  Partililerden tüm seçmenlere ula?malar?n? da isteyen Kurtulmu?, \\\"30 Mart, Türkiye\'nin yol ayr?m? olan bir kader seçimidir\\\" dedi.  Türkiye\'nin yeni medeniyet yolunda, güçlü olma istikametinde yoluna devam edece?ini belirten Kurtulmu?, partililere hitaben, \\\"30 Mart\'ta Türkiye\'nin önünü kesmek isteyenleri, Türkiye\'yi eski Türkiye\'nin karanl?k günlerine geri döndürmek isteyenleri, Türkiye\'nin ba??na çorap örmek isteyenleri, hükümeti y?kmak isteyenleri, darbe te?ebbüsünde bulunanlar? sand??a gömmeye haz?r m?s?n?z?\\\" diye sordu.  Konu?mas? s?k s?k alk??larla kesilen Kurtulmu?, partililerden Esenler ve ?stanbul Büyük?ehir Belediyesi\'nin yeniden kazan?lmas? için daha fazla çal??malar?n? istedi.  Programa AK Parti Esenler ?lçe Ba?kan? Umut Özkan, Esenler Belediye Ba?kan? Mehmet Tevfik Göksu ve öteki baz? partililer de kat?ld?. ',0,0,0,'2014-03-20 09:59:47','2016-02-15 06:46:29'),(1520,310,165,'The project heureCLÉA aims at developing a \\\"digital heuristic\\\" - a new functional module for CATMA, enabling the automated annotation of time-related phenomena in narrative texts.  For more information, please visit:  http://heureclea.de/',1,0,0,'2014-03-22 09:52:10','2014-03-24 22:27:51'),(1521,9,165,'<p>CATMA 4.0 has an updated user interface. With thanks to Janina Jacke:</p> <p><img title=\\\"CATMA 4.0\\\" src=\\\"../../images/docs/tour/Screenshot%20CATMA%204.0.png\\\" alt=\\\"CATMA 4.0\\\" width=\\\"750\\\" height=\\\"346\\\" /></p>',1,0,0,'2014-03-24 22:20:43','2014-03-24 22:27:02'),(1522,316,26,'good better best worst bad ',1,1,0,'2014-03-27 10:22:45','2018-09-28 03:21:40'),(1523,406,294,'<p>The link to the website of AustESE is wrong. Correct URL is: http://austese.net/. The source code isi on github: https://github.com/AustESE-Infrastructure</p>',1,0,0,'2014-06-04 08:19:59','2014-06-04 08:22:03'),(1524,9,237,'<p><strong>Program Overview</strong></p> <p>GRIPHOS, the General Retrieval and Information Processor for Humanities Oriented Studies, is a suite of programs developed by Dr. Jack Heller in the late 1960s best known as the foundation of the Museum Computer Network (MCN) (Misunas and Urban).</p> <p>Dr. Heller developed the GRIPHOS system in collaboration with the Dag Hammarskj&ouml;ld Library (Misunas and Urban). It was \\\"used for library bibliographic record keeping at the Indexing and Retrieval Division of the United Nations,\\\" located within the Library, \\\"[and] was first adapted for museum use in 1968\\\" (Williams 17).</p> <p>While \\\"GRIPHOS allowed direct access to records and provided for the creation of indexed files on items in the collection,\\\" it also \\\"required access to a large computer system\\\" to run (Williams 17). According to Richard Urban, the timing of Heller\'s work on the GRIPHOS system, and the MCN\'s subsequent development, was no coincidence:</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">[a] major watershed came in 1964 when IBM introduced its third generation of computers. Earlier computers had required programming with \'assembly languages,\' but the IBM 360 included an operating system that allowed for more human-readable programming. Computers could now be programmed by a broader range of people. (Urban)</p> <p>The seed for the MCN, which made extensive use of GRIPHOS, came in the Institute for Computing Research in the Humanities\' 1967 spring colloquium where Dr. Kenneth C. Lindsay \\\"articulated the need for an international visual arts centre that would create a unified index of all the world\'s artworks\\\" (Urban). After the colloquium, Dr. Lindsay\'s proposal provided a focus for related ideas already under discussion (Urban), and this led to the formation of the MCN by \\\"a group of New York Museums...to serve as a clearing-house of information on museum computerization\\\" (Williams 17).</p> <p>The MCN</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">was born out of a cooperative computing project in the New York City area in 1967, under the direction of Dr. Jack Heller. Fifteen New York-area museums joined forces to explore ways that an electronic index of the Metropolitan Museum&rsquo;s collections could be used beyond the Met. With funding from the New York Council of the Arts and the Old Dominion Foundation, the consortium formed the Museum Computer Network to create a prototype system for a shared museum &ldquo;data-bank.&rdquo; (Johnson)</p> <p>Under the direction of Everett Ellin, the MCN selected \\\"Heller\'s GRIPHOS system [to provide] the information storage, search, and retrieval infrastructures for [its] records\\\" (Misunas and Urban). Within the MCN, the \\\"GRIPHOS system provided the information storage, search and retrieval infrastructures for the records\\\" (Misunas and Urban).</p> <p>GRIPHOS was well suited to the needs of the MCN as it</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">was based on a data dictionary that could accommodate the diverse institutions participating in the project: a tagged record format that allowed for the description of individual objects with separate, linked records for artist biographical information and for reference citations. (Johnson)</p> <p>By the end of the 1970s, GRIPHOS\' reliance on the operating systems used by IBM\'s mainframe computers had become a liability (Misunas and Urban). Support for the system quickly became a problem for the institutions reliant on it, as the</p> <p style=\\\"margin-left: 30px;\\\">tight integration had already limited the adoption of GRIPHOS in environments that used non-IBM hardware, a problem for museums who often relied on local university computing centers. Updated packages and user manuals continued to be released, but fewer MCN members were able to support the GRIPHOS software. [MCN President David] Vance and Heller worked on migrating GRIPHOS to emerging mini-computers in 1981, but these efforts were soon overshadowed by the micro-computer revolution. (Misunas and Heller)</p> <p>David Williams, writing in 2010, found that \\\"[t]he package is still in use today in some museums, but its popularity has decreased significantly in light of technological advancements and of the failure of attempts to establish a national network of GRIPHOS users (Williams 18).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong></p> <p>Johnston, Leslie. \\\"Before You Were Born...Museums had Networks.\\\" <em>The Signal: Digital Preservation</em>. 9 Nov. 2012. <a href=\\\"http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2012/11/before-you-were-born-museums-had-networks/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. 27 May 2014. </p> <p>Misunas, Marla and Richard Urban. \\\"A Brief History of the Museum Computer Network.\\\" <em>Museum Computer Network</em>. Aug. 2007. <a href=\\\"http://www.mcn.edu/brief-history\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. 28 May 2014. </p> <p>Urban, Richard. \\\"Happy Birthday Museum Computer Network!\\\" <em>Musematic</em>. 9 Jul. 2007. <a href=\\\"http://musematic.net/2007/07/09/happy-birthday-museum-computer-network/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. 28 May 2014. </p> <p>Williams, David. \\\"A Brief History of Museum Computerization.\\\" <em>Museums in a Digital Age</em>. Ed. Ross Parry. New York: Routledge, 2010. 15-21. Print.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-06-05 20:33:47','2014-06-05 20:36:37'),(1525,9,294,'<p>Thomas, thank you for alerting us. The AustESE homepage link has now been updated.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-06-05 20:58:33','2014-06-05 20:58:33'),(1526,9,483,'<p>More information about SNOBOL and its applications within the humanities is available in the following articles:</p> <p>Hsu, Robert W. \\\"A New String-Manipulating Lanuguage.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 2.5 (1968): 256-262. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402499\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Forte, Allen. \\\"The Programming Language SNOBOL3: An Introduction.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 1.5 (1967): 157-163. <a href=\\\"link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00055401\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Raskin, Jeffrey S. \\\"Programming Languages for the Humanities.\\\" Computers and the Humanities 5.3 (1971): 155-158. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402180\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Turner, Ronald C. \\\"Letter to the Editor.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 4.1 (1969): 74. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02393453\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Wachal, Robert S. \\\"The Machine in the Garden: Computers and literary scholarship, 1970.\\\" Computers and the Humanities 5.1 (1970): 23-28. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404254\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-10 20:53:20','2014-07-17 18:28:00'),(1527,9,484,'<p>Please see the following papers for more information on FORTRAN in relation to Humanities scholarship:</p> <p><span>Allwright, Christine. \\\"Software Review: FISHER: A String-Handling Package.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.5 (1976): 297-298. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF02420064.pdf\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></p> <p>Dilligan, Robert J. \\\"Introductory FORTRAN textbooks: An Overview for Humanists.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 7.6 (1973): 399-406. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02395115\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Kline, Edward A. \\\"A Computer-Assisted Graphemic Analysis of <em>Beowulf</em>: Purpose and Procedure.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 2.5 (1968): 211-213. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402493\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Koster, Patricia. \\\"Words and Numbers: A Quantitative Approach to Swift and Some Understrappers.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 4.5 (1970): 289-304. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02400251\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Silva, Georgette. \\\"Phontrns: An Automatic Orthographic-to-Phonetic Conversion System for French.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 3.5 (1969) 257-265. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404166\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p><span>Sowa, Cora Angier and John F. Sowa. \\\"Thought Clusters in Early Greek Oral Poetry.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 8.3 (1974): 131-146. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402131\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></p> <p>Turner, Ronald C. \\\"Letter to the Editor.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 4.1 (1969): 74. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02393453\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-11 19:23:05','2014-07-17 20:02:46'),(1528,9,485,'<p>For an overview of programming languages used in the humanities in the late 1960s, including COMIT, pelase see the following article:</p> <p>Oakman, Robert L. \\\"New Course Established.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 3.4 (1969): 242. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02401459\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p>Wachal, Robert S. \\\"The Machine in the Garden: Computers and literary scholarship, 1970.\\\"<em> Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.1 (1970): 23-28. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404254\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-11 20:07:02','2014-07-21 16:23:01'),(1529,9,486,'<p>COBOL was often discussed in comparison to other programming languages by scholars interested in applying computer methods to research. For more information, please see the following papers:</p> <p>Raskin, Jeffrey F. \\\"Programming Languages for the Humanities.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.3 (1971): 155-158. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p><span>Wachal, Robert S. \\\"The Machine in the Garden: Computers and literary scholarship, 1970.\\\"<em> Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.1 (1970): 23-28. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404254\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. </span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-11 20:24:29','2014-07-11 20:28:55'),(1530,9,487,'<p>For more information about ALGOL in relation to humanities research, please see the following articles:</p> <p>\\\"New Courses Established.\\\" <span><em>Computers and the Humanities</em> </span>3.5 (1969): 270-271. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404169\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p><span><span>Burnard, L.D. \\\"Software Review: CLOC.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 14.4 (1980): 259-260. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404435\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></span></p> <p><span>Hanon, Suzanne. \\\"The Study of English Loan-Words in Modern French.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 7.6 (1973): 389-398. <a href=\\\"er.com/article/10.1007/BF02395114\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></p> <p>Raskin, Jeffrey F. \\\"Programming Languages for the Humanities.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.3 (1971): 155-158. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402180\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p> <p><span>Raskin, Jeffrey F. \\\"Request for Algorithms.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 4.3 (1970): 219. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402242\\\">Web</a>.</span></p> <p><span>Wachal, Robert S. \\\"The Machine in the Garden: Computers and literary scholarship, 1970.\\\"<em> Computers and the Humanities</em> 5.1 (1970): 23-28. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02404254\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. </span></p> <p><span>Wachal, Robert S. \\\"Uphill Introduction.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 4.3 (1970) 205-207. <span><a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02402242\\\">Web</a>.</span><br /></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-11 20:49:35','2014-07-21 16:29:07'),(1531,9,489,'<p>For an example of how EULER was used in Humanities research, please see the following paper:</p> <p>Parsons, I. T. \\\"String Manipulation with Extended Euler.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 10.3 (1976): 173-179. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02426303\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-14 18:36:50','2014-07-14 18:39:09'),(1532,9,490,'<p>For more information about PL/C in relation to humanistic research applications, please see the following article:</p> <p>&nbsp;Hockey, Susan. \\\"Review: <em>Programming for the Liberal Arts: An Introduction to PL/C.</em>\\\" Computers and the Humanities 21.4 (1987): 264-265. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00517815\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. </p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-14 19:08:17','2014-07-14 19:10:50'),(1533,9,491,'<p>For more information on SPIBOL in relation to humanities research, please see the following article:</p> <p>Corre, Alan D. \\\"Software Reviews: IBM/PC SPITBOL.\\\" Computers and the Humanities 24.1-2 (1990): 130-132. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00115035\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.&nbsp; </p> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-14 20:01:14','2014-07-14 20:05:58'),(1534,9,492,'<p>For more information on ProIcon in relation to Icon, please see the following article:</p> <p>Corre, Alan D. \\\"Technical Reviews: ProIcon.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 24.4 (1990): 301-303. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00123417\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-15 17:29:17','2014-07-15 17:31:04'),(1535,9,493,'<p>For more information on AWK in relation to humanities research practices, please see the following article:</p> <p>Shoemaker, Peter. \\\"Book Review: The AWK Programming Language.\\\" <em>Computers and the Humanities</em> 26.4 (1992): 293-297. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00054275\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-15 18:17:15','2014-07-15 18:18:58'),(1536,9,494,'<p>For more information on Prolog and natural language processing in relation to the humanities, please see the following article:</p> <p>Dale, Robert. \\\"Book Reviews.\\\" Computers and the Humanities 24.4 (1990): 317-319. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00123418\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. </p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-16 17:44:47','2014-07-16 17:46:20'),(1537,9,495,'<p>For more information on LISP, including its appliications within the humanities, please see the following:</p> <p><span>Dale, Robert. \\\"Book Reviews.\\\" Computers and the Humanities 24.4 (1990): 317-319. <a href=\\\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00123418\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>. </span></p> <p><span>McCarthy, John (ed). <em>LISP 1.5 Programmer\'s Manual (second edition)</em>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Computation Center and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massacusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. <a href=\\\"http://books.google.ca/books?id=68j6lEJjMQwC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=lisp+programming&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=UL7GU7v3MKaKjAKIhYHAAg&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Web</a>.</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-07-16 18:09:42','2014-07-16 18:16:47'),(1538,309,414,'<p>Oh my goodness Amy, appreciate your finding this.</p> <p>Yes a legacy item.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>At your present service as well,</p> <p>perhaps you will join us. &nbsp;Invited.</p> <p>Best wishes, LDMF.</p> <p>U.N. Rep: World Education Fellowship (WEF)</p> <p>dr.misekfalkoff@gmail.com</p> <p>respectfulinterfaces.wordprrss.com</p>',1,0,0,'2014-08-11 16:49:01','2014-08-11 16:49:01'),(1539,309,414,'<p>correction:</p> <p>respectfulinterfaces.wordpress.com</p> <p>and author = &nbsp;linda d. misek then ; linda d. misek-falkoff now . &nbsp;</p> <p>Correpondernce welcome.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>glad to find yur site.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-08-11 17:03:32','2014-08-11 17:03:32'),(1540,539,99,'<p>flowers and bees &nbsp;beauty and love</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,0,'2014-09-18 04:44:26','2014-09-29 17:07:07'),(1541,9,507,'<p>The Discursis development team also maintains a page listing their published articles on the development and applications of the Discursis software. Please see their <a href=\\\"http://www.discursis.com/index.php/news-and-research/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Research page</a> for the full listing.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-09-29 18:23:14','2014-09-29 18:24:00'),(1542,569,439,'<p>I recently used RQDA for a small project where I read through around 600 news media articles. In the past I had used costly programs like Nvivo, so getting used to RQDA\'s interface was a bit of a change. However, the program is quite straightforward to use and you can watch some useful tutorials on youtube, or by following this link: <strong>http://tinyurl.com/nxa5c8x</strong></p> <p>While RQDA is not as feature rich as paid programs like Nvivo it will do the trick for organizing textual extracts by themes and subthemes. You may want to try a number of different approaches to importing your text as well. I started with a large pdf and tried to import the text, but there were erroneous sybols, tabs, and other formatting issues. Rather than work to fix these I just analyzed my texts with the mess that I imported. In all, RQDA is a useful tool and I will likely use it again in the future. I also expect that with repeated exposure to the program I will find it more useful and easier to work with.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-10-02 16:08:00','2014-10-02 16:08:00'),(1543,15,9,'<p>This tool is really neat, but it isn\'t as reliable as others. You need to fiddle with it and double click things.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-10-03 18:39:19','2018-09-18 01:52:37'),(1544,9,527,'<p>Digress.it appears to be an early and distinct version of annotation plugin CommentPress, maintained by Institute for the Future of the Book.</p>',1,0,0,'2014-11-19 19:34:40','2014-11-19 19:34:40'),(1545,9,124,'<p>The website for EURAC\'s LInfoVis project, which produced Comparison Arcs, currently returnes a 401 error for the project\'s tools and information. The project about page is still active, however, and may be viewed at http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/projects/Pages/projectdetails.aspx?pid=6109&amp;depId=11&amp;pmode=1</p>',1,0,0,'2014-11-26 17:49:13','2014-11-26 17:49:26'),(1546,9,125,'<p><span>The website for EURAC\'s LInfoVis project, which produced Corpus Clouds, currently returnes a 401 error for the project\'s tools and information. The project about page is still active, however, and may be viewed at http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/projects/Pages/projectdetails.aspx?pid=6109&amp;depId=11&amp;pmode=1</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-11-26 20:30:43','2014-11-26 20:31:21'),(1547,9,126,'<p><span>The website for EURAC\'s LInfoVis project, which produced Double Tree, currently returnes a 401 error for the project\'s tools and information. The project about page is still active, however, and may be viewed at http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/projects/Pages/projectdetails.aspx?pid=6109&amp;depId=11&amp;pmode=1</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-11-26 20:30:54','2014-11-26 20:31:19'),(1548,9,127,'<p><span>The website for EURAC\'s LInfoVis project, which produced End to End, currently returnes a 401 error for the project\'s tools and information. The project about page is still active, however, and may be viewed at http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/projects/Pages/projectdetails.aspx?pid=6109&amp;depId=11&amp;pmode=1</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-11-26 20:31:10','2014-11-26 20:31:16'),(1549,9,370,'<p><span>The website for EURAC\'s LInfoVis project, which produced interHist, currently returnes a 401 error for the project\'s tools and information. The project about page is still active, however, and may be viewed at http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/projects/Pages/projectdetails.aspx?pid=6109&amp;depId=11&amp;pmode=1</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-11-26 21:57:27','2014-12-16 15:50:34'),(1550,9,371,'<p><span>The website for EURAC\'s LInfoVis project, which produced xLDDs, currently returnes a 401 error for the project\'s tools and information. The project about page is still active, however, and may be viewed at http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/projects/Pages/projectdetails.aspx?pid=6109&amp;depId=11&amp;pmode=1</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-11-26 21:57:51','2014-11-26 21:57:51'),(1551,9,372,'<p><span>The website for EURAC\'s LInfoVis project, which produced Structured Parallel Coordinates, currently returnes a 401 error for the project\'s tools and information. The project about page is still active, however, and may be viewed at http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/projects/Pages/projectdetails.aspx?pid=6109&amp;depId=11&amp;pmode=1</span></p>',1,0,0,'2014-11-26 21:58:08','2014-11-26 21:58:08'),(1552,698,253,'<p><span style=\\\"font-size: small;\\\">Actually this quick and easy program is still available and website (&nbsp;<a href=\\\"http://www.catpac.com/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">www.catpac.com</a>&nbsp;) still works; click \\\"product\\\" tab and choose \\\"Catpac\\\". Also a website with citations for papers and stuff that have used catpac is at&nbsp;<a href=\\\"http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~woelfel/catpacBib.htm\\\">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~woelfel/catpacBib.htm</a>&nbsp;</span></p>',1,0,0,'2015-01-22 23:16:58','2015-01-22 23:21:57'),(1553,714,127,'<p>Seems like this is a dead project</p>',1,0,0,'2015-02-06 20:12:56','2015-02-06 20:12:56'),(1554,9,368,'<p>Google Charts can also be used to handle RDF data. The Data-gov Wiki from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has provided a tutorial for converting CSV data to RDF and then use Google Charts to visualize it at <a href=\\\"http://data-gov.tw.rpi.edu/wiki/How_to_use_Google_Visualization_API\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">http://data-gov.tw.rpi.edu/wiki/How_to_use_Google_Visualization_API</a></p> <p>Data-gov has also made nearly 300 RDF datasets available for wide use, which may be found at <a href=\\\"http://data-gov.tw.rpi.edu/wiki/Data.gov_Catalog\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">http://data-gov.tw.rpi.edu/wiki/Data.gov_Catalog</a></p>',1,0,0,'2015-02-09 19:15:45','2015-02-09 19:20:25'),(1555,764,201,'<p>Further more information can be found at:</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://tustep.wikispaces.com/\\\">http://tustep.wikispaces.com</a> (a wiki with practical examples and solutions for beginners and advanced users)</p> <p>as well as at</p> <p><a href=\\\"http://itug.de/\\\">http://itug.de/</a> (International TUSTEP User Group).</p>',1,0,0,'2015-03-17 22:28:44','2015-03-17 22:28:44'),(1556,768,201,'<p>The classical TUSTEP is a line based, parameter-driven programming language.</p> <p>But there is also TUSCRIPT, the highly developed, extremely flexible and efficient scripting language of TUSTEP, in particular suitable for processing text data, especially in SGML/XML. Examples for programming with TUSCRIPT can also be found in the Rosetta Code Wiki (<a href=\\\"http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:TUSCRIPT\\\">http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:TUSCRIPT</a>).</p> <p>In addition, there is TXSTEP, the XML-based interface for TUSTEP.</p> <p>For further information see http://tustep.wikispaces.com</p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>',1,0,0,'2015-03-18 14:13:10','2015-03-18 14:15:53'),(1557,866,437,'<p>Hello,&nbsp;</p>\n<p>I am a developper of this tool. &nbsp;I would like to announce that we have the detailed manual in English language.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\"></a><a href=\"https://sourceforge.net/p/khc/wiki/\" target=\"_blank\">https://sourceforge.net/p/khc/wiki/</a></p>\n<p>Well, it may&nbsp;need some refinements, but we have it now.</p>',1,0,0,'2015-08-16 14:24:50','2016-02-15 06:42:20'),(1558,930,368,'<p>A&nbsp;post on how to create a viz app using Google Chart API and AngularJS: <a href=\"http://www.sitepoint.com/creating-visualization-app-using-google-charts-api-angularjs/\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.sitepoint.com/creating-visualization-app-using-google-charts-api-angularjs/</a></p>',0,0,0,'2016-02-15 05:31:17','2018-10-05 02:53:45'),(1559,935,162,'<p>It is not a tool but a game.</p>',0,0,0,'2016-02-28 02:16:51','2018-09-18 17:45:29'),(1560,935,463,'<p>It gives the most basic words occurences when I copied and pasted my thesis in it. There is no way I can download the information.</p>',0,0,0,'2016-02-28 02:19:10','2018-11-07 05:21:45'),(1561,936,551,'<p>Documentation can be found here:</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://igraph.org/r/doc/\" target=\"_blank\">http://igraph.org/r/doc/</a>, <a href=\"http://igraph.org/python/doc/igraph-module.html\" target=\"_blank\">http://igraph.org/python/doc/igraph-module.html</a>, <a href=\"http://igraph.org/c/doc/\" target=\"_blank\">http://igraph.org/c/doc/</a> </p>\n<p>Additionally, the GitHub repository can be found here:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://github.com/igraph\" target=\"_blank\">https://github.com/igraph</a></p>',0,0,NULL,'2016-04-17 21:46:59','2016-04-17 21:46:59'),(1562,938,569,'',0,0,0,'2016-04-20 07:04:16','2016-05-11 21:18:34'),(1563,938,569,'',0,0,0,'2016-04-20 07:05:37','2016-05-11 21:18:34'),(1564,938,569,'<p>Test comment</p>',0,0,NULL,'2016-09-19 22:34:56','2016-09-19 22:34:56'),(1565,937,586,'<p><strong>How to do Sentiment Analysis</strong></p>\n<p>There is a recipe for doing <a href=\"http://methodi.ca/recipes/complex-sentiment-analysis-using-python\" target=\"_blank\">sentiment analysis on the Methods Commons</a>. This recipe uses this tool.</p>',1,0,NULL,'2016-10-21 11:58:41','2017-10-12 20:03:07'),(1566,1008,175,'<p>It\'s been abandoned. Developed 2009,&nbsp;Last modified on 12/20/11/.</p>',0,0,0,'2016-11-10 22:06:43','2018-10-12 02:48:30'),(1567,1005,613,'',0,0,NULL,'2017-01-16 10:06:28','2017-01-16 10:06:28'),(1568,937,608,'<p><strong>Note:&nbsp;</strong>There is a&nbsp;Recipe on <a href=\"http://methodi.ca/recipes/mapping-locations-corpus\" target=\"_blank\">Mapping Locations</a> in the <a href=\"http://methodi.ca\" target=\"_blank\">Methods Commons</a> that uses this code.</p>',0,0,0,'2017-02-17 22:52:29','2017-02-19 01:40:51'),(1569,938,608,'',0,1,0,'2017-02-28 23:23:43','2017-10-26 14:30:52'),(1570,1096,437,'<p>Hello again,</p>\n<p>I am the developer of this tool. Today, I would like to announce that we have new detailed tutorial analysing <em>Anne of Green Gables</em>!</p>\n<p>Part I: <a href=\"http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/file.jsp?id=325881\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/file.jsp?id=325881</a></p>\n<p>Part II:&nbsp;<a href=\"http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/file.jsp?id=346128\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/file.jsp?id=346128</a></p>\n<p>This article introduces a two-step approach to performing quantitative content analysis of text data. First, an outline of the approach is briefly described. Second, the procedure of using the approach to analyze the novel <em>Anne of Green Gables</em> is described as a tutorial. Third, the features of the approach are discussed with reference to the results of the analysis.</p>\n<p>The tutorial section allows readers to simulate the same analysis on their own personal computers. We use free software and most of the necessary operations are illustrated in figures. The subject of the analysis is the popular novel <em>Anne of Green Gables</em>. It is pointed out that the heroine Anne&rsquo;s foster mother Marilla plays an essential role in the novel and that Marilla is more important than Anne\'s best friend Diana, and Gilbert with whom Anne has a faint romance. In the analysis of the tutorial, we examine whether the quantitative analysis based on the two-step approach also illustrates the importance of Marilla.</p>',1,0,NULL,'2017-07-23 14:57:00','2018-05-15 17:00:29'),(1571,1121,415,'',0,0,NULL,'2018-01-30 14:45:48','2018-03-23 18:32:06'),(1572,1127,30,'',0,0,NULL,'2018-02-26 23:43:21','2018-05-15 16:58:17'),(1573,1127,30,'',0,0,NULL,'2018-02-26 23:44:03','2018-05-15 16:58:27'),(1574,1132,500,'<p>\"Site Not Installed\"</p>',0,0,NULL,'2018-04-12 20:37:49','2018-04-12 20:37:49'),(1575,1150,9,'<p>The website is closed, and the website below is the capture of the voyant link from wayback machine.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">https://web.archive.org/web/20150207102002/http://voyeurtools.org/tool/Links/&nbsp;</span></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 01:52:22','2018-09-18 01:52:26'),(1576,1150,1321,'<p>The website is no longer avaliable, and the website below is the capture of exploratree from wayback machine.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">https://www.nfer.ac.uk/futurelab/futurelab_home.cfm</span></p>',0,0,0,'2018-09-18 02:14:29','2018-10-02 16:21:10'),(1577,1150,363,'<p><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">The website is closed and the webstie below is the capture of RDF Gravity from wayback machine</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">http://semweb.salzburgresearch.at/apps/rdf-gravity/</span></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 02:29:05','2018-09-18 02:29:20'),(1578,1150,745,'<p>The website is closed and the website below is the capture of sentimentBuilder from wayback machine.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">https://web.archive.org/web/20150921220209/http://sentimentbuilder.com:80/</span></p>',0,0,0,'2018-09-18 02:38:17','2018-09-18 02:39:26'),(1579,1151,231,'<p>This tool used to be&nbsp;available&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;above website.</p>\n<p>You can check&nbsp;this alternative site to access to it: <a href=\"http://latel.upf.edu/tactweb/doc/tact.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http://latel.upf.edu/tactweb/doc/tact.htm</a></p>',0,0,0,'2018-09-18 04:05:23','2018-11-06 06:50:42'),(1580,1151,124,'<p>You can now directly check this tool through&nbsp;the&nbsp;project page of&nbsp;Linfovis:</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/autonomies/commul/projects/Pages/Linfovis/programs.aspx#ComparisonArcs\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/autonomies/commul/projects/Pages/Linfovis/programs.aspx#ComparisonArcs</a></p>',0,0,0,'2018-09-18 16:56:28','2018-09-25 16:32:48'),(1581,1151,500,'<p>An archive of&nbsp;its webpage: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160711004248/http://www.umigon.com\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20160711004248/http://www.umigon.com</a></p>\n<p>The Github repository of it, which is still available:<a href=\"https://github.com/seinecle/Umigon\" target=\"_blank\">https://github.com/seinecle/Umigon</a></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 17:07:18','2018-09-18 17:07:42'),(1582,1151,480,'<p>An archive of the introduction of the creators: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929131511/http://www.networkedcorpus.com/about-the-authors/\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20150929131511/http://www.networkedcorpus.com/about-the-authors/</a></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 17:13:01','2018-09-18 17:13:11'),(1583,1151,472,'<p>The live demo is currently down.</p>\n<p>More information can be found in the following pages:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://nlp.stanford.edu/sentiment/\" target=\"_blank\">https://nlp.stanford.edu/sentiment/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://nlp.stanford.edu/sentiment/code.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://nlp.stanford.edu/sentiment/code.html</a></p>\n<p>The current model is integrated into Stanford CoreNLP as of version 3.3.0 or later, which is still downloadable on the website.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 17:30:21','2018-09-18 17:30:50'),(1584,1151,470,'<p>The site is currently down. An archive version of it: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170520224516/http://jonreeve.com/dev/etym/etym.php\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20170520224516/http://jonreeve.com/dev/etym/etym.php</a></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 17:33:31','2018-09-18 17:33:50'),(1585,1151,133,'<p>An archive of the website: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20171016200919/http://www.seasr.org:80/documentation/example-flows/date-entities-to-simile-timeline/\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20171016200919/http://www.seasr.org:80/documentation/example-flows/date-entities-to-simile-timeline/</a></p>',0,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 17:48:15','2018-09-18 17:48:21'),(1586,1151,134,'<p>An archive of the website: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170504164750/http://www.seasr.org/documentation/example-flows/flesch-kincaid-readability-test/\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20170504164750/http://www.seasr.org/documentation/example-flows/flesch-kincaid-readability-test/</a></p>',0,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 17:49:24','2018-09-18 17:49:31'),(1587,1149,1007,'<p>Site appears to be down. Here is a link to an archived version of the site:&nbsp;https://web.archive.org/web/20180909101000/http://bluefish.openoffice.nl/index.html</p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 23:20:18','2018-09-18 23:20:26'),(1588,1149,1407,'<p>Site was found at: http://ice.usq.edu.au/. Appears to be down since 2012. Archived version of site can be found at:&nbsp;https://web.archive.org/web/20120829154125/http://ice.usq.edu.au/</p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-18 23:28:52','2018-09-18 23:28:56'),(1589,1151,316,'<p>The site of HyperPo (Which is 7.0 Alpha at that time) is currently down. However, the previous version 6.0 is still available: <a href=\"http://hyperpo.org/6.0/\" target=\"_blank\">http://hyperpo.org/6.0/</a></p>',0,0,NULL,'2018-09-19 03:06:11','2018-09-19 03:06:19'),(1590,1151,371,'<p>You can now directly check this tool through&nbsp;the&nbsp;project page of&nbsp;Linfovis:</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/autonomies/commul/projects/Pages/Linfovis/programs.aspx#Extendedlinguisticdependency\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/autonomies/commul/projects/Pages/Linfovis/programs.aspx#Extendedlinguisticdependency</a></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-19 03:16:43','2018-09-19 03:16:53'),(1591,1151,211,'<p>The site has been moved to: <a href=\"https://software.sil.org/pc-kimmo/\" target=\"_blank\">https://software.sil.org/pc-kimmo/</a></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-19 03:20:22','2018-09-19 03:20:30'),(1592,1151,375,'<p>The site is currently down. An archive of it: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221220652/http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/ccalas/amalgam/amalghome.htm\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20161221220652/http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/ccalas/amalgam/amalghome.htm</a></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-19 03:36:07','2018-09-19 03:36:19'),(1593,1151,239,'<p>According to: <a href=\"https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/100752_en.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/100752_en.html</a>, this project is closed since&nbsp;2014-10-31.</p>\n<p>An archive of the website: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140330181305/http://www.trendminer-project.eu/\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20140330181305/http://www.trendminer-project.eu/</a></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-19 03:44:11','2018-09-19 03:44:30'),(1594,1151,275,'<p>The site is currently down. An archive is here: <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140120230349/http://www-03.ibm.com/software/products/en/plicompfami\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20140120230349/http://www-03.ibm.com/software/products/en/plicompfami</a></p>',0,0,0,'2018-09-19 03:53:08','2018-11-07 04:56:19'),(1595,1150,526,'<p>This tool is no longer available.&nbsp;</p>',0,0,NULL,'2018-09-21 00:10:52','2018-09-21 00:10:52'),(1596,1150,372,'<p>The website is no longer available.&nbsp;</p>',0,0,NULL,'2018-09-21 00:19:58','2018-09-21 00:19:58'),(1597,1150,469,'<p>The website is no longer available, the website below is the capture of the Poem Viewer from a wayback machine.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180311203004/http://ovii.oerc.ox.ac.uk/PoemVis/\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20180311203004/http://ovii.oerc.ox.ac.uk/PoemVis/</a></p>\n<p></p>',0,0,0,'2018-09-25 15:59:33','2018-09-25 16:00:19'),(1598,1150,18,'<p>The tool is no longer available, and the website will transfer to the main page of voyant.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a class=\"ng-binding\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; text-decoration-line: none; font-family: \'Helvetica Neue\', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\" href=\"http://voyant-tools.org/tool/Lava/\">http://voyant-tools.org/tool/Lava/</a></p>',0,0,NULL,'2018-09-25 16:18:58','2018-09-25 16:18:58'),(1599,1150,124,'<p>The website is no longer available, but it can still be seen in the wayback machine.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140129143605/http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/institutes/multilingualism/Projects/LInfoVis/ComparisonArcs.html\" target=\"_blank\">https://web.archive.org/web/20140129143605/http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/institutes/multilingualism/Projects/LInfoVis/ComparisonArcs.html</a></p>\n<p></p>\n<p></p>',0,0,NULL,'2018-09-25 16:34:25','2018-09-25 16:34:37'),(1600,1151,737,'<p>A Github repository of this tool:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://github.com/rochester-rcl/data-dictionary\" target=\"_blank\">https://github.com/rochester-rcl/data-dictionary</a></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-27 01:04:39','2018-09-27 01:04:49'),(1601,1151,398,'<p>More information on STAP is available in the following article:</p>\n<p>Daniel G. Bobrow , Bruce Eraser, \"An augmented state transition network analysis procedure\", Proceedings of the 1st international joint conference on Artificial intelligence, p.557-567, May 07-09, 1969, Washington, DC</p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-27 01:27:21','2018-09-27 01:27:23'),(1602,1151,395,'<p>More information on MITRE is available in the following article:</p>\n<p>Arnold M. Zwicky , Joyce Friedman , Barbara C. Hall , Donald E. Walker, \"The mitre syntactic analysis procedure for transformational grammars\", Proceedings of the November 30--December 1, 1965, fall joint computer conference, part I, November 30-December 01, 1965, Las Vegas, Nevada</p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-27 03:23:37','2018-09-27 03:23:39'),(1603,1151,422,'<p>More information on VOCAB - U - LISTER is available in the following article:</p>\n<p>Irizarry, Estelle. &ldquo;VOCAB&middot;U&middot;LISTER (Spanish Edition).&rdquo; Computers and the Humanities, vol. 26, no. 3, 1992, pp. 229&ndash;231.&nbsp;</p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-27 03:39:17','2018-09-27 03:39:19'),(1604,1151,372,'<p>You can now directly check this tool through the project page of Linfovis:</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/autonomies/commul/projects/Pages/Linfovis/programs.aspx#StructuredParallelCoordinates\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/autonomies/commul/projects/Pages/Linfovis/programs.aspx#StructuredParallelCoordinates</a></p>',1,0,NULL,'2018-09-27 04:12:55','2018-09-27 04:13:08'),